Neuro Flashcards
GLIOMAS
GLIOMAS
- Astrocytoma
- Oligodendroglioma
- Ependymoma
Astrocytomas
- Infiltrating
- Non-infiltrating
Astrocytomas
- Infiltrating
- Diffuse astrocytoma
- Anaplastic astrocytoma
- Glioblastoma
- Gliomatosis cerebri
- Non-infiltrating
- Pilocytic astrocytoma
- Pleomorphic xanthosastrocytoma
Infiltrating Astrocytoma
- __% of primary adult tumors
- Location
- Spectrum of histologic grades:
- WHO Grade II:
- WHO Grade III:
- WHO Grade IV:
- Age:
- Diffuse astrocytoma:
- Anaplastic astrocytoma:
- GBM:
- High grade (III and IV): __ therapy
Infiltrating Astrocytoma
- 80% of primary adult tumors
- Cerebral hemispheres most common
- Spectrum of histologic grades:
- WHO Grade II: diffuse astrocytoma
- WHO Grade III: anaplastic astrocytoma
- WHO Grade IV: glioblastoma
- Age:
- Diffuse astrocytoma: 35 y/o
- Anaplastic astrocytoma: 45 y/o
- GBM: 60 y/o
- High grade (III and IV): adjuvant therapy





Glioblastoma, WHO grade IV
Astrocytic Genetics
Astrocytic Genetics
- Low Grade: p53 mutations and over expression of PDGF-A and its receptors
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase I (IDH 1), a metabolic enzyme in the citric acid cycle, is commonly mutated in astrocytomas, oligodendroglioma, and mixed gliomas- low grade (II) and anaplastic (III). Associated with better prognosis.
- Primary Glioblastomas: MDM2 amplification, mutated/ aberrant expression of EGFR/p16 deletion/ PTEN mutation
- Better response to chemotherapy: Methylation of promoter for gene encoding MGMT.
- 10q/PTEN deletion (e.g., whole-arm loss): predominantly astrocytic ‘signature’; comprises independent negative prognostic factor
- EGFR amplification (chromosome 7): evident in ‘primary’ glioblastomas (small-cell cytophenotype); comprises independent negative prognostic factor

Gemistocytic astrocytoma
- p53 positive
- Prone to progress to anaplastic and GBM
Non-infiltrating Astrocytomas
- Pilocytic astrocytoma
- Grade
- Age
- Location
- Genetics
- Pleomorphic xanthosastrocytoma
- Grade
- Age
- Location
Non-infiltrating Astrocytomas
- Pilocytic astrocytoma
- Grade I
- Children and young adult
- Cerebellum, thalamus, optic nerve
- NF1
- Pleomorphic xanthosastrocytoma
- Grade II
- Children and young adults
- Temporal lobe most common

Pilocytic astrocytomas, WHO Grade I
- Biphasic appearance (compact or loose)
- Compact area: Rosenthal fibers
- Age
- Location
- Interval to anaplastic progression
- __ deletion, oligodendroglial ‘signature’; connotes chemosensitivity

Oligodendroglioma
- 5-15% of gliomas
- Age: 40 ~ 50 y/o, rare in children
- Restricted to supratentorial compartment
- Interval to anaplastic progression is longer relative to astrocytoma (range 9y, vs 4-5y for latter)
- 1p, 19q deletion, oligodendroglial ‘signature’; connotes chemosensitivity


Ependymoma
- Incidence: 5% to 10% of primary brain tumors in the 1st two decades
- Arise around ventricular lining
- Locations:
- The 4th ventrical: common in children
- Spinal: adults, mean 40 yrs, NF2
- Loss/mutation of NF2 on chromosome 22q in spinal cord tumors


Neuronal/Glioneuronal Tumors
Neuronal/Glioneuronal Tumors
- Ganglioglioma
- Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial tumor (DNT)
- Central Neurocytoma

Ganglioglioma, GI
- Bi-nucleate, dysmorphic neurons
- Low grade astrocytomas
Poorly Differentiated/ Embryonal Tumors
Poorly Differentiated/ Embryonal Tumors
- Malignant small blue cell tumors
- Grade IV
- Young Children
- Based on location:
– Medulloblastoma
– Primitive Neuroectodermal tumor of the Central Nervous System (PNET)
– Atypical Teratoid/ Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT)

Medulloblastoma
- 20% of pediatric brain tumors
- Posterior fossa
- Spreads by CSF seeding along the subarachnoid space

Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
- Supratentorial tumors
- Histologically identical to medulloblastomas, genetically differ from medulloblastomas and peripheral PNET (lack Ewing’s translocations)
- Homer-Wright rosette



Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid tumor
- 2% of pediatric brain tumors
- Highly malignant of young children/infants (up to 5 years of age)
- “Rhabdoid” cells
- Multiple lineage markers (epithelial , muscle)
- Molecular Genetics: >90% of cases show loss/mutations of hSN5/INI1 gene on chromosome 22
- IHC: loss of normal nuclear staining for INI1

Meningioma
- Benign tumors of adults
- Locations:
- Attached to dura, arise from arachnoid meningothelial cells
- Intraventricular, arise from stromal arachnoid cells of choroid plexus
- Slight female predominance (3:2)
- Often express progesterone receptors
- Rapid growth during pregnancy
- Cytogenetics
- loss of chromosome 22q
- Multiple meningiomas associated with NF2

Meningioma Grades and subtypes
Meningioma Grades and subtypes
- Grade I (92%): most common, “cure” possible with complete resection
- Meningothelial, fibrous, transitional, psammomatous, angiomatous, microcystic, secretory, lymphoplasmacyte-rich, mataplastic
- Grade II (7%): higher rate of recurrence
- Atypical, clear cell, chordoid
- Grade III (rare): highly aggressive
- Anaplastic, rhabdoid, papillary

Anaplastic Meningioma

Clear Cell Meningioma

Atypical Meningioma

Psammomatous Meningioma

Fibrous Meningioma

Pituitary Adenoma


Subepencymoma, WHO Grade I
- 4 th & lateral ventricles, cervical cord
- Low-power microscopic appearance is diagnostic

Neurofibroma, WHO Grade I
- Locations: skin, peripheral nerves, spinal nerve roots
- Most neurofibromas in spinal nerve roots are associated with NF1

Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, WHO Grade I
- Suprasellar, usually with intrasellar extension.
- Surgically curable

Papillary craniopharyngioma, WHO Grade I
- Exclusively in adults, at a mean age of 40-55 years
- Well-differentiated squamous epithelium without keratin, less palisading

Hemangioblastoma, WHO Grade I
- Cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord
- usually an enhancing nodule within a cyst
- Associated (25%) with von Hippel-Lindau disease

Chordoma
- locations: clivus, sacrum, cervical spine
- Lobules and chords of cells in a mucoid matrix
- Locally aggressive
- Median survival: 6 years
- Keratin +
- Brachyury +


Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), WHO GRADE II
- Discrete, superficial cerebral, +/- cystic, often involves meninges
- Preferentially children & young adults; 10-year survival: 70%
- Highly atypical, bizarre astrocytes – don’t confuse with glioblastoma!

Paraganglioma, WHO Grade I
- Locations: cauda equina, jugulotympanic, carotid body
- Chief cells: chromogranin+, synaptophysin+; sustentacular cells: S-100+

Hemangiopericytoma, WHO Grade II or III
- High risk of local recurrence and metastasis
- EMA negative (unlike meningioma)

Germinoma
- Most common CNS germ cell tumor
- Children and young adults
- Usually in the pineal or suprasellar region

Central Neurocytoma, WHO Grade II
- Typically arises in the region of foramen of Monro
- Resembles an oligodendroglioma but is noninfiltrative and synaptophysin+
- Benign, but total resection is not always possible
- 5-year survival:80%
Metastatic Tumor to Brain
Metastatic Tumor to Brain
- 15% of surgically treated brain tumors are metastases
- Mets have a noninfiltrative border and are CAM5.2+, primary tumors are CAM 5.2-(don’t use AE1/AE3)
- Most common primaries:
- Lung 18-60 %
- Breast 5-21%
- Melanoma 16%
- Colon cancer 5-12%
- Renal cell carcinoma 3-10%

Foamy macrophages suggest an inflammatory or nonneoplastic process
- Multiple sclerosis
- Subacute infarct
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Familial Tumor Syndromes Involving the nervous System
Familial Tumor Syndromes Involving the nervous System
- Neurofibromatosis type I
- Neurofibromatosis type 2
- Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
- Turcot Syndrome
- Gorlin Syndrome (Naevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome)
- Von Hippel-Lindau
- Tuberous Sclerosis
- Cowden Syndrome
- Gene:
- Chromosome:
- Neurvous system:
- Skin:
- Others:

Neurofibromatosis type I
- Gene: NF1
- Chromosome: 17q11
- Neurvous system:
- Neurofibroma
- MPNST
- optic nerve glioma
- astrocytoma
- PSAMMOMATOUS CARCINOID
• Almost exclusively seen in the
ampullary/periampullary location
- Skin:
- Café-au-lait spots
- axillary freckling
- Others:
- iris hamartomas
- osseous lesions
- phaeochromocytoma
- leukaemia
- Gene:
- Chromosome:
- Neurvous system:
- Others:

Neurofibromatosis type 2
- Gene: NF2
- Chromosome: 22q12
- Nervous system:
- schwannoma
- meningiomas
- meningioangiomatosis
- spinal ependymoma
- astrocytoma
- Others:
- posterior lens opacities
- retinal hamartoma
- Gene:
- Chromosome:
- Nervous system:
- Others:

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
- Gene: TP53
- Chromosome: 17p13
- Nervous system:
- astrocytomas
- PNET
- Others:
- breast ca
- bone and soft tissue sarcoma
- adrenocortical ca
- leukaemia
- Gene:
- Chromosome:
- Nervous system:
- Others:

Turcot Syndrome
- Gene: APC
- Chromosome: 5q21
- Nervous system:
- medulloblastoma
- Others:
- colorectal polyps
- Gene: hMLH1
- Chromosome: 3p21
- Nervous system:
- glioblastoma
- Others:
- colorectal polyps
- hPSM
- Gene:
- Chromosome:
- Nervous system:
- Skin:
- Others:

Gorlin Syndrome (Naevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome)
- Gene: PTCH
- Chromosome: 9q22.3
- Nervous system:
- medulloblastoma
- Skin:
- multiple basal cell carcinomas
- palmar and plantar pits
- Others:
- jaw cysts
- ovarian fibroma
- skeletal abnormalities
- Gene:
- Chromosome:
- Nervous system:
- Others:

Von Hippel-Lindau
- Gene: VHL
- Chromosome: 3p25
- Nervous systme:
- hemangioblastoma
- Others:
- retinal hemangiolastoma
- renal cell carcinoma
- pheochromocytoma
- visceral cysts
- Immunostain: inhibin and CD10
Gene:
Chromosome:
Nervous system:
Skin:
Others:

Tuberous Sclerosis
- Gene: TSC1 and TSC2
- Chromosomes: 9p34 and 16p13
- Nervous system:
- subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
- subependymal nodules
- cortical tubers
- Skin:
- cutaneous angiofibroma
- subungual fibroma
- fibrous hamartoma
- hypopigmented macule
- shagreen patch
- Others:
- cardiac rhabdomyoma
- adenomatous polyps of the duodenum and the small intestine
- cysts of the lung and kidney
- lymphangioleiomyomatosis
- renal angiomyolipoma
Gene:
Chromosome:
Nervous system:
Skin:
Others:

Tuberous Sclerosis
- Gene: TSC1 and TSC2
- Chromosomes: 9p34 and 16p13
- Nervous system:
- subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
- subependymal nodules
- cortical tubers
- Skin:
- cutaneous angiofibroma
- subungual fibroma
- fibrous hamartoma
- hypopigmented macule
- shagreen patch
- Others:
- cardiac rhabdomyoma
- adenomatous polyps of the duodenum and the small intestine
- cysts of the lung and kidney
- lymphangioleiomyomatosis
- renal angiomyolipoma

Gene:
Chromosome:
Nervous system:
Skin:
Others:

Tuberous Sclerosis
- Gene: TSC1 and TSC2
- Chromosomes: 9p34 and 16p13
- Nervous system:
- subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
- subependymal nodules
- cortical tubers
- Skin:
- cutaneous angiofibroma
- subungual fibroma
- fibrous hamartoma
- hypopigmented macule
- shagreen patch
- Others:
- cardiac rhabdomyoma
- adenomatous polyps of the duodenum and the small intestine
- cysts of the lung and kidney
- lymphangioleiomyomatosis
- renal angiomyolipoma

Gene:
Chromosome:
Nervous system:
Skin:
Others:

Cowden Syndrome
- Gene: PTEN
- Chromosomes: 10q23
- Nervous system:
- dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum (Lhermitte-Duclos)
- megalencephaly
- Skin:
- multiple trichilemmoma
- fibroma
- Others:
- hamartomatous polyps of the colon
- thyroid neoplasms
- endometrial cancers
- breast carcinoma