Neuro Flashcards
What is Cranial Nerve V? and what is it important for?
Trigeminal
Mastication
What is Cranial Nerve VII? and what is it important for?
Facial
Facial movement, motor to the face
What is Cranial Nerve X? and what is it important for?
Vagus
Swallowing & Phonation
Velar Movement
What is Cranial Nerve XII? and what is it important for?
Hypoglossus
Tongue
If there is a lesion on Cranial V, what problems would you expect to see?
- increased jaw jerk reflex
- LMN damage will result in atrophy and weakness on the affected side
- Difficulty chewing
If there is a lesion on Cranial Nerve VII what might you expect to see?
Drooling, difficulty keeping food in mouth during oral phase, difficulty taking food from spoon/straw, pocketing in buccal cavity on damaged side
-Bell’s palsy
If there is a lesion to Cranial Nerve X, what might you expect to see?
- trouble swallowing
- trouble speaking (unable to phonate)
- hypernasality
- nasal regurgitation
- dysphagia
- paralysis of the pharyngeal constrictor
- laryngeal stridor
If there is a lesion to Cranial Nerve XII, what might you expect to see?
-difficulty forming a bolus, probably residue/pocketing on damaged side
what does decussate mean?
-Cross over of nerves
Where does pyramidal decussation occur?
-the brainstem/medulla oblongotta
what crosses over at the pyramidal decussation?
- cranial nerves & spinal nerves
- corticobulbar & corticospinal tracts
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
- executive planning
- emotions
- personality
- reasoning
- judgment
- directs and inhibits us from doing stuff
- voluntary movement
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
- sensation
- kinesthesia
- touch
what is the function of the occipital lobe?
vision
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
auditory processing
allows us to understand speech
What is the corpus callosum?
a bundle of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain and transmits information between the two hemispheres
What is the function of the precentral gyrus?
the motor strip
what is the function of the postcentral gyrus?
sensory strip
What is aphasia?
- Language based disorder
- typically caused by stroke/damage to left middle cerebral artery
- trouble understanding/saying things
- broca’s aphasia=frontal lobe
- wernicke’s aphasia=temporal lobe
- higher level cortical damage
What is dysarthria?
- motor based disorder
- lower motor damage
- physical weakness in the muscles
What is apraxia?
- motor planning and programing
- trouble putting all the sounds together
What is Dysphagia?
-trouble swallowing
Frontal or Temporal lobe damage often leads to what kind of speech?
aphasia
Cranial Nerve damage leads to what kind of speech?
dysarthria
Upper motor neuron is associated with? and it consists of what?
- Central Nervous System
- brain and spinal chord
Lower motor neuron is associated with? and it consists of?
- peripheral nervous system
- nerves
What keeps us alive b/c it is in charge of respiration and circulation?
medulla oblongata
What is Corticobulbar?
- innervates the brainstem/ cranial nerves
- goes to the neurons and is related to speech and swallow
- Information Highways sending information from brain to brainstem. It is all the cranial nerves! they are projection tracts
What is Corticospinal?
information highway/projection tracts that send information from brain down the spinal cord to spinal nerves and the rest of the body.
What receives information?
dendrites
What transmits the information?
axon
What is the axon covered by?
myelin
What type of myelin covers the central nervous system nerves?
oligodendrocytes
what type of myelin covers the peripheral nervous system nerves?
schwann cells
the dendrite sends the information to?
The soma
what is the part of the neuron that transmits the pulse
Axon
Breaks in the Myelin Sheathe
nodes of ranvier
How does the signal transfer?
it jumps from node to node
What is in the End Bouton?
Neurotransmitters
What is the space between the neurons?
synaptic cleft
How does a neuron fire?
all at once
where is the information released?
synaptic cleft
what happens at the nodes of ranvier?
are spaces between the myelin, inside the end bouton
Where do commands for voluntary function orginate from?
the cerebrum/cortex
If there is damage to the left middle cerebral artery?
- aphasia
- dysarthria
- apraxia
- dysphagia
what does the left middle cerebral artery supply?
those areas related to speech and swallow
what is dorsal to the brainstem?
cerebellum
what is the primary motor strip?
pre-central gyrus
what is the primary sensory strip?
postcentral gyrus
If you have damage to the frontal lobe, what kind of aphasia would you probably have?
broca’s aphasia
