Neuro 3 Clinical App

Question 1

hippocampal amnesia

Answer 1

bilateral lesions of hippocampi
def in anterograde mem (can't learn new)
def in spared procedural and working mem

Question 2

korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 2

thiamine def, alcoholism
degen of mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex and dorsomedial thalamic nuc

can’t retain new mem, no short to long mem
hard to understand written material and meaning convos
confabulate (frag mem into ones that didn’t occur)

Question 3

anosmia

Answer 3

loss of smell

from viral infection of mucose, obstruction of nasal passages, congenital, chear of cn1 or tumors of floor ant cranial fossa

Question 4

phantosmia

Answer 4

olf hallucination
smell when no odor present
lesion of ant/medial temporal lobe
hippocampus, amygdala, or medial dorsal thalamic nuc

Question 5

kluver-bucy syndrome

Answer 5

bilat temporal lobe lesions in amygdala

visual agnosia, hyperorality, hypermetamorphosis(intensively explore enviro or overreact to visual stim), placidity (no showing of anger/fear), hyperphagia (eat lots), hypersexuality

Question 6

uncal herniation

Answer 6

Uncus and parahippocampal gyrus over the tentorium cerebelli edge, through tentorial notch

compress: midbrain

dilated pupil, slowly (shows side 90%), abnormal eye movements (cniii)
weak m oppo of dilated pupil
respiration affected/abnormal reflexes

Question 7

conduction deafness

Answer 7

def to obstruction/altered transformation of sound to tympanic mem or through ossicle chain (wax buildup, middle ear infection, stapes)

Question 8

sensorineural deafness

Answer 8

dam to cochlea, cnviii, or cochlear nuc (ipsi deaf)

Question 9

central deafness

Answer 9

dam to central pathways
bc of crossing - NOT DEAF
past the cochlear nucleus it is hard to follow conversions (can’t make out voices from background noise)

Question 10

aica occlusion

Answer 10

monaural hearing loss (ipsi)

ispi facial paralysis and inability to look to the side of the lesion (pontine gaze center - horizontal)

Question 11

auditory agnosia

Answer 11

perceive sound, but can’t identify it

unimodal sensory association cortex bilaterally (primary/secondary auditory cortex)

Question 12

wernicke’s area lesion

Answer 12

w. aphasia, receptive or fluent aphasia
can’t understand/comprehend said or written
alexia, agraphia, can talk but has no meaning
in gen - can’t get/know whats going on, isn’t aware something is wrong

Question 13

broca’s area lesion

Answer 13

b. aphasia, expressive or non-fluent aphasia

loss of ability to speak fluently, written grammer issues, can understand spoken and written lang, know whats going on = depressed

can have mutism (severe)
less severe - limited speech, slow, telegraphic speech (nonessential words omitted)
“no if ans or buts” can start to say but struggle to finish

Question 14

global aphasia

Answer 14

non-fluent
lesion of lateral sulcus
brocas and wernickes (mixed transcortical aphasia)
receptive and expressive deficits, reading and writing impaired

Question 15

transcortical lesion

Answer 15

sensory (sim to wern)- fluent, impaired comprehension and naming, mca-pca border zone
motor (sim to brocas)-nonfluent, aca-mca border zone

Question 16

gigantism

Answer 16

excessive levels of GH before puberty

stim epiphyseal plates

Question 17

acromegaly

Answer 17

gh-secreting pituitary adenoma

increased organ, hand, foot, tongue, coarsening facial feat, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance

Question 18

graves disease

Answer 18

hyperthyroidism
increased levels of of Thyroid stim immunoglobulins stim t3/4 syn
TSH low, TH high

Question 19

hyperthyroidism

Answer 19

hyperexcitiability, hyperreflexia, irritability
increased BMR and heat production, sweat- lose weight
increased HH, RR (SOB), tremor, m weak, goiter
EXOPHTHALMOS
graves/thyroid neoplasm - tsh low
secondary or third disorder - tsh high

treat w PTU, thyroidectomy

Question 20

hypothyroidism

Answer 20

bone age is less that chronologic age
babies: mental retardation
adults: slow, impaired mem/decreased mental capacity, drowsiness, lack of effort
decreased bmr, heat production, hr, weight gain, cold, hypoventilation, growth and mental retardation
caused by thyroiditis - tsh high = thyroidectomy
secondary or third disorder - tsh low

Question 21

cretinism

Answer 21

mental and growth retardation

hypothyroidism in perinatal period

Question 22

goiter

Answer 22

high tsh or ts immunoglobulins

Question 23

thyroidistis

Answer 23

hypothyroidism
high tsh, low th
autoimmune, antibodies to peroxidase, decrease t3 and t4

Question 24

addisons disease

Answer 24

primary adrenocortical insufficiency
low bg, anorexia/weight loss. n/v, weak, low bp, high k, metabolic acidosis, decreased hair, HYPERPIGAMENTATION
INCREASED ACTH, decreased cortisol

Question 25

cushing syndrome

Answer 25

primary adrenal hyperplasia
high bg, m wasting, obesity in trunk, round face, buffalo hump, osteoporosis, straie, virilization and menstral disorders, high bp
low ACTH, high cortisol

Question 26

secondary adrenocortical insufficiency

Answer 26

acth low, cortisol low, aldosterone levels norm

Question 27

cushing disease

Answer 27

secondary, high cortiosal and acth
excess, increased acth and cortisol (pituatary adenoma)
high bg, m wasting, obesity in trunk, round face, buffalo hump, osteoporosis, straie, virilization and menstral disorders, high bp

Question 28

conn syndrome

Answer 28

aldosterone secreting tumor
primary hyperaldosteronism
na resorption, k and h secretion
high bp, low k, metabolic alkalosis, low renin

Question 29

21b hydroxylase def

Answer 29

virilzation, early puberty, def of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
increased acth
adrenogenital syndrome and hyperplagsia

Question 30

17a hydroxylase def

Answer 30

lack of secondary hair
def in glucocorticoids and androgens, excess mineralcorticoids
high acth

Question 31

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 31

chronic hypocalcemia (renal fail or vit d def)
increase PTH and hyperplasia of PT glands
ca blood levels are low or normal

Question 32

severe hypomagnesemia

Answer 32

sim to ca on pth except in severe cases
inhibits pth syn/storage/secretion
alcoholism

Question 33

primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 33

caused by PT adenomas
high pth, high ca, low p
stones, bones (resorption), and groans (constipation)
ca-phosphate or oxalate stones

Question 34

hypoparathyroidism

Answer 34

from removal of PT or T or autoimmune/congential

low pth, low ca, high p

Question 35

pseudohypoparathyroidism

Answer 35

high, pth, low ca, high p
Gs protein in kidney is defective
short stature, neck, obesity, subcutaneous calcification, short metatarsals/metacarpals
albright hereditary osteodystrophy

Question 36

humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

Answer 36

malignant tumors secrete PTH-rp

high ca, low p, PTH low

Question 37

rickets

Answer 37

vit d def
not enough ca and p for new bone formation in kids
skeletal deformaties and fail to grow

Question 38

osteomalacia

Answer 38

adults
vit d def where new bone fails to mineralize = bending and softening of weight bearing bones
can involve chronic renal failure

Question 39

hashimoto thyroiditis

Answer 39

hypothyroidism, primary
high tsh, low th
autoimmune, antibodies to peroxidase, decrease t3 and t4

Question 40

sheehan syndrom

Answer 40

necrosis of pituatary postpartum
low tsh, th, lh, fsh
no period or lactation

Question 41

hypocalcemia

Answer 41

hyperreflexia, spontaneous m twitch, tingle/numb, (+) Trousseau and Chvostek (twitch of hand w bp cuff)

Question 42

hypercalcemia

Answer 42

decrease QT interval, faster heart contraction

hyporeflexic, constipation, anorexic, lack of appetite, coma, lethargic

Question 43

causes of hypopituitarism

Answer 43

brain damage, pituitary tumor

Question 44

pheochromocytoma

Answer 44

adrenal gland tumor of chromaffin tissue 
increased catecholamines 
	Hypertension
	Orthostatic hypotension
	Headaches 
	Sweating
	Palpitations
	Chest pain
	Flushing
	Anxiety

Question 45

Secondary Hyperaldosteronism

Answer 45

o A kidney problem
o Hypersecretion of renin
o Excess renin from juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney

Question 46

pedrin deficiency

Answer 46

sensorineural hearing loss
SLC26A4 gene
hypothyroidism with goiter