Neuro Flashcards
Occlusion of posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
Visual and memory deficits
Occipital and part of temporal lobe ( bottom part of temporal)
Occlusion anterior cerebral artery (aca)
Paresis and sensory loss in contralateral leg
medial region of the brain
Occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA)
Contralateral hemianesthesia and paralysis Of arm and lower part of face and loss of language is dominant hemi is involved
- blood to lateral hemi and motor cortex and language in dominant hemi.
Fasciculus gracilis
Ipsi for form legs and lower trunk - fine touch proprioception and vibratory senses
Fasciculus cuneatus
Starting at t 5 - ipsi infor form upper trunk arms and neck - fine touch proprioception and vibratory senses
Stt ( spinothalamic tract)
Pain and temp info from the contralateral side of the body
Neurons in laminae I and V are at the origin of the STT ( contralateral)
Propriospinal tract ( pst)
Present in all funiculi, adjacent to gray matter and contains fibers that connect different segmental levels of the gray matter
Neurons in Clark’s nucleus
Carry unconscious proprioception from the legs and are at the origin of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract
Ventral horn
VIII-IX - contain alpha and gamma motor neurons whose axons exit through the ventral root to form spinal nerves and supply skeletal musculature
Dorsal root medial division vs lateral division
Medial division go to the dorsal column and lateral division for the the white matter. Lissauers tract is used by the lateral division to ascend or descend 1-3 spinal cord segments
Muscle spindles - type 1a
Ia- ( primary or annulospiral) both nuclear bag ( dynamic and static) and chain ( static ) respond to both muscle length and rate of change of muscle length
Stretch response
Muscle spindles type 2
II - ( secondary or flower spray) only static bag and chain fibers only respond to muscle length
Golgi tendon organs
Btw muscles and tendons - monitor tension generated by muscle contraction. Innervated by : type IB afferent axons- reasoned to muscle tension
Ruffini’s corpuscle
Skin stretching - A- beta fibers ( large myelinated and fast conducting) - slowly adapting respond thru out stimuli
All cutaneous mechanoceptros
A- beta receptors - large myelinated fast conducting fibers
Enter through medial division of dorsal root, send collateral to dorsal column and into laminae III-VI
Rapidly adapting ( onset and offset of stimuli) pacinian, Meisner, hair Slowly adapting - ruffini and merkel
Merkel disc
Detects pressure and texture - slow adapting
Meissners corpuscle
Stroking fluttering -
Pacinian corpuscle
Vibrations
Hair
Light stroking
Cold and sharp pain and crude touch
A delta - lights myelinated - small and slow - laminae I and V to STT. Goes thru lateral division
Or III
Warmth and dull pain
C delta ( non myelinated) slower than a delta
Or IV
Lateral corticospinal tract
Cross in pyramidal decussation - originate in contralateral cerebral cortex. Most info is voluntary control of skeletal muscles and suppression of infantile reflexes
Cervical near the gray matter
Lesion of LMN
Flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, hypotonia, fasciculation and muscle atrophy
LCST
Controls the distal LMN
Vcst
Control the axial or proximal LMN
Upper motor neuron lesion
Paralysis , weakness , hyperreflexia, hypertonia, clonus, disuse atrophy, clasp knife, babinski
Posterior nucleus of hypothalamus
Controls sympathetic system - promote fight or flight response (lesion horners syndrome ( myosis, anhidrosis, ptosis)
Controls thermoregulation
- conservation of heat ( thermogenesis) via vasoconstriction and shivering ( lesion poikilothermia like a snake)
Tuberomammillary nucleus of posterior hypothalamus
Controls wakefulness vis histaminergic neurons lesion HYPERSOMNIA
Lateral hypothalamus
Feeding center - promotes hunger and feeding.
Lesion - anorexia
Has neurons that secrete orexin: regulator of sleep/ wake states as well a feeding behavior and reward processes. INHIBITED by leptin
Too little orexin = narcolepsy
Administration of orexin results in stim of appetite
Mammillary body
Memory consolidation
Lesion: anterograde amnesia( b1 thiamine deficiency or lesion)
Ventromedial nuc of hypothalamus
Satiety control STIMULATED by leptin
Lesion : hyperplasia and obesity
Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
Increase DA and decreases prolactin
Increases secretion of GH
Controls feeding
Lesion: Neuroendocrine and feeding dysfunction
Dorsomedial nucl of hypothalamus
Control feeding, body weight
Lesion: feeding, body weight dysfunction
Anterior nucleus
Increase parasympathetic
Increase rest and digest
Increase thermolysis
A/C- cooling off anterior
Lesion : deficit in parasympathics and hyperthermia
Suprachiasmatic nuc of hypothalamus
Controls circadian rhythms
Lesion: disturbs cyclic bodily functions
Paraventricular nucleus
Increase ADH, water renention
Increase oxytocin , milk letdown and uterine contractions
Increase ACTH , tsh, decrease GH
Lesion : diabetes insipidus and endocrine deficits
Supraoptic nucleus hypothalamus
Increase adh , oxytocin
Lesion : diabete insipidus
Lateral preoptic nucleus hypothalamus
Promotes non rem sleep
Lesion: hyposomnia
Medial preoptic nucleus hypothalamus
Controls set point thermoregulation
Increase LH and FSH
Controls sexual behavior
Lesion: hyperthermia, amenorrhea and impotence
What two nucleus of hypothalamus project to the posterior pituitary
Supra optic (adh)and para ventricular ( oxytocin)
Diseases with change in NE
Increase anxiety
Decreased depression
Made in locus ceruleus
Diseases with change in dopamine
Increase schiz
Decreased in Parkinson’s and depression
Ventral tegmentum and snc
Diseases with change in 5-ht
Decreased in anxiety and depression
Made in raphe nuc
Diseases with change in Ach
Decreased in Alzheimer’s and huntingtons
Increase in rem sleep
Made in basal nuc of Meynert
Diseases with change in GABA
Decreased anxiety and huntingtons
Made in nucleus accumbend from glutamate and you need vit b6
