Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2nd ME > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Two cells that make up the brain

A

Neurons
Glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of glial cells in the brain

A

Fibrous astrocytes
Protoplasmic astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gray matter covers

A

Interior of the SC
Exterior of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

White matter covers the

A

Exterior of the SC
Interior of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Provides communication within the gray matter and to the outside

A

White matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where the actual processing occur

A

Gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does the spinal cord exit

A

Foramen of Magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does the SC end?

A

L1 and L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parts of the forebrain

A

Diencephalon
Telencephalon
Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of the diencephalon

A

Relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex
Regulates sleep, consciousness, and awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Order of meninges from superficial to deep

A

Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid membrane
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Potential spaces in the brain

A

Epidural space
Subdural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What artery can be found in the Epidural space?

A

Middle Meningeal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can be found in the Subdural space?

A

bridging veins that connect the dura mater to the arachnoid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Only real space

A

Subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can be found in the subarachnoid space?

A

Circle of Willis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery pass through?

A

Grooves in the cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

It is where the meninges enter

A

Falx Cerebri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the Tentorium Cerebelli do?

A

separates the brain stem and cerebellum from the diencephalon and cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Structures found above the Tentorium Cerebelli

A

Supratentorial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Structures found below the Tentorium Cerebelli

A

Infratentorial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Damages in the supratentorial structures result in

A

Contralateral effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Damages in the infratentorial structures result in

A

Ipsilateral effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The ventricles of the brain are lined by

A

Ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the ventricles of the brain do?

A

Transport, produce, and remove CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The lateral ventricle contains the following

A

Frontal horn
Temporal horn
Posterior horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What connects the lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle?

A

Foramen of Monroe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where can the 3rd ventricle be located?

A

In the diencephalon; medial to thalamyn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the roof and floor of the 4th ventricle?

A

Roof: Cerebellum
Floor: Pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

2 openings of the 4th ventricle

A

Luschka
Magendie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Area where the ventricular system is found

A

Area 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Area where the sub arachnoid area is found

A

Area 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How does the ventricular system communicate with the sub arachnoid space?

A

Through the foramen of Luschka and Magendie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

CSF production per hr

A

20-24 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

CSF production per day

A

400-500 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

CSF excretion per hr

A

20-24 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is the CSF excreted?

A

Arachnoid granulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Openings in the dura mater

A

Venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What can be found in the Falx cerebri?

A

Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Clinical S/Sx of Hydrocephalus

A

Sunset eyes
Inc CSF
Ataxia
Dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How much blood can the brain accomodate?

A

150 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What structures does the ant circulation supply?

A

Cerebral hemispheres and deinephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Structures of the ant ciruclation

A

Internal Carotid artery (ICA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What structures does the post circulation supply?

A

Brain stem and cerebellum
Occipital lobe and inferior temporal gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where does the MCA originate?

A

comes out laterally from the anterior circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What structure does the MCA supply?

A

lateral aspect of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Areas supplied by the superior division of the MCA

A

Frontal lobe
Area 4
Broca’s area
Areas 6-8
Areas 3, 1, 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Areas supplied by the inferior division of the MCA

A

Parietal lobe
Superior and middle temporal gyrus
Areas 39 and 40
Areas 5-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the smaller vessels that supply the diencephalon?

A

Candelabra branches of the MCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Largest candelabra branches of the MCA

A

lenticulostriate or lateral striate artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Arteries that supply all of the pons and midbrain

A

Deep penetrating branches of the Basilar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where can the ACA be found?

A

medially in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What structure does the ACA loop around?

A

Corpus Callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What structures does the ACA supply?

A

Medial cortex (except occipital lobe and inferior temporal gyrus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What artery supplies the occipital lobe and the inferior temporal gyrus?

A

PCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the structures supplied by the PCA?

A

Occipital lobe and inferior temporal gyrus
Hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What structures does the PCA supply?

A

Occipital lobe
Inferior and medial temporal lobes
Thalamus
Midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What brodmann’s areas does the MCA’s superior division supply?

A

Area 4
Broca’s area (44 and 45)
Areas 6-8
Areas 3, 1, 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What effects does damage to the PCA do?

A

Cortical blindness
Visual propagnosia
Amnesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

The cortex if made up of what proteins?

A

Glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What does the cortex do?

A

Origin of all voluntary movements
Conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How is the cortex formed?

A

From neuroectodermal cells
Forms prosencephalon
Divides into 2 telencephalons
Matures into 2 cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is the cortex made up of?

A

Gray matter with gyri and sulci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Fissure that divides the occipital and parietal lobes

A

Parieto-occipital fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Fissure that divides the occipital lobe

A

Calcarine fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Layers of the cortex (superficial to deep)

A

Molecular layer
External granular layer
External pyramidal layer
Internal granular layer
Internal pyramidal layer
Multiform layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Components of the molecular layer

A

Axons and dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Components of the external granular layer

A

Densely packed stellate cells
Small pyramidal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Components of the external pyramidal layer

A

Loosely packed stellate cells
Medium pyramidal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Components of the Internal granular layer

A

Densely packed stellate cells only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Components of the Internal pyramidal layer

A

Large pyramidal cells only (giant pyramidal cells of Betz)
Few stellate cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Components of the multiform layer

A

Multiple sized pyramidal cells
Loosely packed stellate cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Afferents of cortex layers 1-3

A

other regions of cortex and brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Efferent of cortex layers 1-3

A

other regions of cortex (intra-cortical association function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Afferent of cortex layer 4

A

other regions of cortex and brain stem
thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Afferent of cortex layer 5

A

brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Efferent of cortex layer 5

A

brain stem and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Efferent of cortex layer 6

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

This connects all the layers of the cortex except the 1st layer

A

Neuron of Martinotti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

This enters deep into the white matter

A

Fusiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Examples of association fibers of the crotex

A

Stellate cells
Martinotti cells
Cajal neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Examples of commisural fibers of the cortex

A

Corpus callosum
Anterior commissure hippocampal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What do projection fibers do?

A

Transmit data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Examples of projection fibers

A

Pyramidal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Brodmann area responsible for voluntary movements

A

4, 6, 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Brodmann area responsible for proper response to stimuli

A

3, 1, 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Brodmann area responsible for expression of speech

A

44

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Primary motor area

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Motor planning area

A

6 and 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Function of the limbic lobe

A

core of emotions and responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Structures of the Limbic lobe

A

Pre-frontal lobe
Amygdala
Cingulate cyrus
Nucleus basalis of meynert
Parahippocampus
Hippocampus
Insula of Reille

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Floor of the frontal loble

A

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

3 major divisions of the Hippocampus

A

Subiculum
Ammons horn
Dentate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Where is the Parietal lobe located?

A

Posterior to the rolandic sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Receive, collect, process, and interpret general stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What structure of the brain sores all memory?

A

Inferior temporal gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located?

A

Inferior to the Sylvian fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located?

A

posterior to the parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Primary somatosensory area

A

3, 1, 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Somatosthestetic association area

A

5 and 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Integration area

A

39 and 40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Where is the primary visual area found?

A

beneath the calcarine fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Primary visual area

A

17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Visual association area

A

18 and 19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Primary auditory area

A

41 and 42

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Auditory association area

A

22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Where is the auditory area found?

A

Superior to the temporal gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

What do you call the primary auditory association area?

A

Wernicke’s area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Functions of the left hemisphere

A

Language
Calculation
Left right orientation
Body part recognition
Reading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Functions of the right hemisphere

A

Singing
Visual spatial orientation
Drawing
Dressing
Recognition of the left side of the body
Ideomotor skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Cortical dysfunction wherein the pt cannot express words

A

Broca’s aphasia (expressive/motor aphasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Cortical dysfunction wherein the pt cannot comprehend words spoken

A

Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive/sensory aphasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Cortical dysfunction wherein the pt fails to know something previously known

A

Agnosia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Cortical dysfunction wherein the pt fails to do something previously could do

A

Apraxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

The type of ectoderm that differentiates into the epidermis, nails, and hair

A

Surface ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

The type of ectoderm that gives rise to the neural tube, neural crest which subsequently give rise to the brain

A

Neural ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Gives rise to the lining of the GIT and respiratory system

A

Endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Gives rise to the axial skeleton, dermis, and muscle

A

Paraxial mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Gives rise to the gonads, kidneys, and urogenital structures

A

Intermediate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Gives rise to the limb skeleton and muscular wall of gut tube

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Stages of neural development

A

Neural plate
Neural groove/crest
Neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

What brain structure does the telencephalon develop into?

A

Cerebrum (Cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

What brain structures are found in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

What brain structure does the mesencephalon develop into?

A

midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

What brain structure does the Metencephalon develop into?

A

Pons
Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

What brain structure does the Myelencephalon develop into?

A

Medulla Oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

What forms the PCA?

A

Bifurcation of basilar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Small subcortical lesions less than 15 mm caused by occlusion penetrating an artery from a large cerebral artery

A

Lacunar syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

It is the off shoot of your vertebral arteries

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Where does PICA pass through

A

Between the medulla and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

What structures does the PICA supply?

A

Vermis
Central nuclei
Undersurface of cerebellar hemisphere
Medulla oblongata
Portions of choroid plexus and 4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

The most caudal large vessel arising from the basilar artery

A

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

What structures does the AICA supply?

A

anterior and inferior cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

What structures does the penetrating branches of AICA supply?

A

Portions of the dentate nucleus and surrounding white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

What structures does the smaller branches of AICA supply?

A

choroid plexus and 4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

What does occlusion of the AICA result in?

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Deafness
Facial paralysis
Cerebellar disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

Route of the Superior Cerebellar Artery

A

Encircles the brainstem near the pontomesencephalic junction and passes onto the superior surface of the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

What structures does the SCA supply?

A

Pons
Pineal gland
Superior medullary velum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

What artery supplies the lateral medulla?

A

PICA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

What CN nuclei are affected when the PICA is occluded?

A

CN 9-12 nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

What supplies the medial medulla

A

Anterior Spinal Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

3 important structures in the diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Basal Ganglia
Internal Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Thalamus is known as the

A

Little cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

What type of area is the thalamus?

A

Gray matter area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

Damage of the thalamus results in

A

Cerebral function loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

Thalamus can be found at

A

lateral to the 3rd ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

This structure of the brain chooses the muscle that will act on a certain movement. Moreover, it will give the muscle it’s role (antagonist, agonist, or synergist)

A

Basal Ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

White matter area in the Diencephalon

A

Internal Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

What does the Internal Capsule do?

A

Bring data in and out of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

What does the Basal Ganglia do?

A

Plays an important role in the control and posture and voluntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

Does the Basal Ganglia have direct input/output to the spinal cord?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

What neurons does the Basal Ganglia utilize?

A

Glutamate (Excitatory)
GABA (Inhibitory)

154
Q

Structural classifications of the Basal Ganglia

A

Striatum
Corpus striatum
Lentiform Nucleus

155
Q

What is the (Dorsal) striatum composed of?

A

Putamen and Caudate

156
Q

What is the corpus striatum composed of?

A

Striatum
Globus Pallidus

157
Q

What is the Lentiform nucleus composed of?

A

Putamen (laterally)
Globus Pallidus (medially)

158
Q

Two pathways in the brain

A

Direct
Indirect

159
Q

Pathway that initiates movement

A

Direct

160
Q

Pathway that terminates movement

A

Indirect

161
Q

Involuntary, irregular, unpredictable muscle movements

A

Chorea

162
Q

Slow, involuntary, and writhing movements of the limbs, face, neck, tongue, and other muscle groups

A

Athetosis

163
Q

Involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures

A

Dystonia

164
Q

Slowness of movement

A

Bradykinesia

165
Q

Constant resistance throughout ROM despite velocity

A

Rigidity

166
Q

3 parts of the Internal Capsule

A

Anterior Limb
GENU
Posterior Limb

167
Q

Where can the anterior limb of the internal capsule be located?

A

Between the head of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus

168
Q

What does GENU do?

A

Connects anterior and posterior limbs

169
Q

What type of tract does GENU contain?

A

corticobulivar tracts

170
Q

What type of tract does the posterior limb contain?

A

Corticospinal tract

171
Q

Where can the posterior limb be found?

A

Between the thalamus and the lentiform nucleus

172
Q

Where does general sensation pass through prior to area 3, 1, 2?

A

Ventro postero-lateral nuclei

173
Q

Where does visual stimuli pass through prior to area 17?

A

Lateral geniculi

174
Q

Where does auditory data pass through prior to area 41?

A

Medial geniculi

175
Q

Components of the brainstem

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

176
Q

Exact location of the brainstem

A

Posterior cranial fossa of the skull

177
Q

What does the brainstem connect?

A

Narrow spinal cord with the expanded forebrain

178
Q

Function of the brainstem

A

Contains reflex centers associated with respiration and cardiovascular system and with the control of consciousness

179
Q

CN nuclei found in the brainstem

A

CN III to CN XII

180
Q

Anterior surface of the medulla

A

Anterior Median Fissure

181
Q

Swellings on each side of the median fissure

A

Pyramids

182
Q

What are found posterolateral to the pyramids?

A

Olives

183
Q

Where does the rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve emerge from?

A

between the pyramid and the olive

184
Q

Found posterior to the olives

A

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles

185
Q

What does the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles do?

A

Connect medulla to the cerebellum

186
Q

Where does the roots of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves emerge from?

A

Between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncles

187
Q

Location of the pons

A

anterior to the cerebellum

188
Q

What does the pons connect?

A

Medulla oblongata to the midbrain

189
Q

What are the two roots of the Trigeminal nerve?

A

motor
sensory

190
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve emerge from?

A

groove of the pons and medulla oblongata, medial to lateral

191
Q

What does the midbrain connect?

A

Pons and cerebellum to the forebrain

192
Q

Rounded eminences that are divided into superior and inferior parts by a vertical and transverse groove

A

Corpora Quadrigemina (Colliculi)

193
Q

Lower auditory centers

A

Inferior Colliculi

194
Q

Centers for visual reflexes

A

Superior Colliculi

195
Q

Highest, dorsal part of the brainstem, consists of collicula

A

Tectum

196
Q

An ascending tract in the brainstem that carries the nuclei of CN III to CN XII

A

Tegmentum

197
Q

Descending tact of the brainstem

A

Basis

198
Q

CN nuclei found in the cerebral cortex

A

I and II

199
Q

CN nuclei found in the midbrain

A

III
IV
V

200
Q

CN nuclei found in the pons

A

V
VI
VII
Part of VIII

201
Q

CN nuclei found in the medulla

A

V
part of VIII
IX-XII

202
Q

Shortest cranial nerve

A

Olfactory nerves

203
Q

Shortest cranial nerve

A

Olfactory nerves

204
Q

How does smell enter CN I

A

Enters the cribform plate and enters the olfactory bulb

205
Q

How does smell affect emotions

A

CN I has a limbic lobe connection

206
Q

A condition wherein both nostrils lose the ability to smell

A

Anosmia

207
Q

Visual fields

A

Temporal (Lateral)
Nasal (Medial)

208
Q

Receives visual information from the nasal visual field

A

Temporal retina

209
Q

Receives visual infromation rom the temporal visual field

A

Nasal retina

210
Q

The optic nerve is formed by

A

Ganglion cells

211
Q

It is where the nasal retina crosses over

A

Optic chiasm

212
Q

It is where the visual info travels through to go to the thalamus

A

Optic tract

213
Q

The nuclei of the thalamus that receives visual information

A

Lateral Geniculate Nuclei (LGN)

214
Q

How does axons from LGN carry visual info

A

Via a pathway known as optic radiation

215
Q

Caries fibers from the superior retinal quadrants

A

Upper Optic Radiation

216
Q

Caries fibers from the superior retinal quadrants

A

Upper Optic Radiation

217
Q

Carries fibers from the inferior retinal quadrants

A

Lower Optic Radiation

218
Q

Carries fibers from the inferior retinal quadrants

A

Lower Optic Radiation

219
Q

Where does the upper optic radiation travel through?

A

Parietal lobe to reach the visual cortex

220
Q

Where does the lower optic radiation travel through

A

Temporal lobe via the Meyer’s loop to reach the visual cortex

221
Q

Causes the eyes and neck to turn to a visual stimulus such as light

A

Superior Colliculi

222
Q

Tumor of the pituitary gland causing the optic chiasm to be compressed

A

Pituitary Adenoma

223
Q

Compression of the optic chiasm results in this condition

A

Bitempotal Hemianopia (Both Nasal Retina are compressed, no temporal visual field)

224
Q

Blindness in one eye

A

Anopia

225
Q

What causes Anopia?

A

Ipsilateral damage to the optic nerve

226
Q

What causes Anopia?

A

damage to the ipsilateral optic nerve

227
Q

Condition caused by lesion at the optic tract

A

Bilateral hemianopia

228
Q

Condition caused by lesion at the optic tract

A

Bilateral hemianopia

229
Q

What does the Reticular Activating System (RAS) do?

A

Responisble for activating the cortex and waking people up

230
Q

What does the Reticular Activating System (RAS) do?

A

Responisble for activating the cortex and waking people up

231
Q

How is the RAS switched off?

A

By Melatonin

232
Q

Where are the nuclei of CN III and IV located?

A

Mid brain

233
Q

CN that adducts the eye

A

CN III (Occulomotor nn)

234
Q

CN that abducts the eye

A

CN VI (Abducens)

235
Q

What CN needs to be activated to look to one side

A

Ipsilateral CN VI of the ipsilateral eye
Contralateral CN III of the contralateral eye

236
Q

Motor function of CN V

A

Mastication

237
Q

Where is the nuclei of CN V located?

A

Pons

238
Q

Sensory function of CN V

A

Sensation of the face

239
Q

What are the three divisions of the Trigeminal nerve?

A

Opthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

240
Q

To what nucleus of the trigeminal nerve does the proprioception of the face go to?

A

Mesencephalic nucleus of Trigeminal

241
Q

To what nucleus of the trigeminal nerve does pain and temperature sensation go to?

A

Spinal nucleus (located in the medulla)

242
Q

To what nucleus of the trigeminal nerve does tactile sensation go to?

A

Sensory nucleus (located in the pons)

243
Q

Where does the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve enter?

A

Superior orbital fissure

244
Q

Where does the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve enter?

A

Foramen of Rutundom

245
Q

Where does the Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve enter?

A

Foramen ovale

246
Q

Function of the facial nerve

A

Facial expressions

247
Q

What is the parasympathetic function of the facial nerve?

A

Lacrimation and assists in salivary production

248
Q

Branches of the superior salivatory nucleus

A

Lacrimation
Salivary
Nervi Intermedius (intermediate nerve of Wrisberg)

249
Q

Where does the muscles of facial expression exit?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

250
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the facial nerve

A

Temporo facial
Cervical facial

251
Q

Branches of the temporo-facial division of the facial nerve

A

Temporal
Zygomatic

252
Q

What muscles does the temporal branch of the facial nerve contain?

A

Corrugator supercilli
Frontalis
Orbicularis oculi

253
Q

What muscles does the the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve contain?

A

Orbicularis oculi

254
Q

Branches of the cervico-facial division of the facial nerve

A

Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical

255
Q

What muscles does the buccal branch of the facial nerve contain?

A

Buccinator
Orbicularis oris
Zygomaticus

256
Q

What muscles does the mandibular branch of the facial nerve contain?

A

Depressor labii superioris
Mentalis
Depressor anguli ori

257
Q

What muscles does the cervical branch of the facial nerve contain?

A

Platysma

258
Q

Branches of the Nervi Intermedius

A

Major Superficial Petrosal Nerve
Chorda Tympani

259
Q

What does the Major Superficial Petrosal Nerve do?

A

Innervate lacrimal glands

260
Q

What does the Chorda Tympani do?

A

Sends fibers in tongue for taste
Sends fibers to submandibular and sublingual glands for salivary production

261
Q

Where is the Facial nerve nuclei located?

A

Pons

262
Q

What innervates the lower face?

A

Upper part of the nuclei

263
Q

What innervates the upper face?

A

Lower part of the nuclei

264
Q

Laterality of the innervation in the upper face

A

bilaterally

265
Q

Laterality of the innervation in the lower face

A

unilaterally

266
Q

What part of the face is paralyzed when there’s an UMNL?

A

unilateral lower half

267
Q

What part of the face is paralyzed when there’s a LMNL?

A

Unilateral upper and lower face

268
Q

Two main functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Audition
Vestibular location of head

269
Q

Where is the cochlear nuclei located?

A

Medulla

270
Q

Where is the vestibular nuclei located?

A

Upper half: pons
Lower half: medulla

271
Q

From what sources does the vestibulocochlear nerve get data from?

A

Semicircular canals
Eyes
Muscle spindles of the neck

272
Q

What connects to the eye cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) via the medial longitudinal fasiculus?

A

Vestibular nuclei

273
Q

How does the vestibular nuclei help reorient the head in space?

A

Send tracts to the spinal cord via the vestibulospinal tract

274
Q

How many nucleus does the vagus nerve have?

A

3

275
Q

Where is the nucleus of the vagus located?

A

tegmentum of the lateral medulla

276
Q

What are the 3 nucleus of the vagus nerve?

A

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius
Nucleus Ambiguus
Dorsal Vagal Efferent

277
Q

Nuclei of the vagus nerve responsible for the sensation of the pharynx

A

Nucleus Tractus Solitarius

278
Q

Nuclei of the vagus nerve responsible for the motor function of the pharynx

A

Nucleus ambiguus

279
Q

Nuclei of the vagus nerve responsible parasympathetic effects such as smooth muscle contraction in the respiratory, digestive, and cardiovascular systems

A

Dorsal Vagal Efferent

280
Q

What muscles does CN XI innervate?

A

SCM
Upper trapezius

281
Q

What are the 2 nuclei of CN XI

A

Cervical (medulla)
Spinal (spinal cord)

282
Q

How many vertebrae does each segment of the spinal column have?

A

7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 sacral
1 Coccygeal

283
Q

How many roots does each segment of the spinal cord have?

A

8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 sacral
1 Coccygeal

284
Q

Spinal cord level of vertebral level T3

A

T6

285
Q

Spinal cord level of vertebral level T6

A

T9

286
Q

Spinal cord level of vertebral level T9

A

T12

287
Q

Spinal cord level of vertebral level T12

A

L2-L3

288
Q

Spinal cord level of vertebral level L2

A

none

289
Q

Terminal point of the Spinal Cord

A

Conus medullaris

290
Q

A pair of spinal roots formed by spinal roots that have not yet exited the spinal canal

A

Cauda Equina

291
Q

What are the two roots of a spinal root?

A

Ventral and Dorsal

292
Q

What root receives afferent/sensory impulses?

A

Dorsal

293
Q

What root receives efferent/motor impulses?

A

Ventral

294
Q

Where does all cervical root exit?

A

above their corresponding vertebrae except C8

295
Q

Contains cell bodies for receiving sensation

A

Dorsal horn

296
Q

Contains cell bodies for receiving motor function

A

Ventral horn

297
Q

Where is the gray matter the widest?

A

C5-T1
T12-L3

298
Q

How many lamina are there in the dorsal horn?

A

6

299
Q

Lamina responsible for receiving pain sensation

A

II - Substancia Gelatinosa

300
Q

Lamina responsible for temperature sensation

A

IV - Nucleus Proprius Dorsalis

301
Q

Nuclei of the Dorsal horn responsible for receiving unconscious proprioception

A

Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke

302
Q

What originate in the Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke?

A

Spinocerebellar tract

303
Q

Parts of the dorsal horn that are part of the spinothalamic tract

A

Substancia Gelatinosa (Lamina II)
Dorsal nucleus of Clarke (Lamina IV)

304
Q

Innervates regular skeletal muscles

A

Large Alpha Motor Neurons

305
Q

Innervates muscle fibers at ends of muscle spindle

A

Small Gamma Motor Neurons

306
Q

From where does the afferent arm of the reflex arc start and ends?

A

Muscle spindle to dorsal horn

307
Q

From where does the efferent arm of the reflex arc start and ends?

A

Anterior horn cell to ventral root to peripheral nn to muscle

308
Q

Cell body of lower motor neurons and innervated by UMN or reflex arc

A

Anterior horn cell

309
Q

What lamina does anterior horn cell contain?

A

Lamina 7-9

310
Q

Where is the anterior horn cell found?

A

Ventral horn

311
Q

Origin of the sypmathetic nervous system

A

Lateral horn (Nucleus Intermediolateralis)

312
Q

Where can you find the lateral horn in the spine?

A

T1-L3

313
Q

Tract that receives pain, temperature impulses from the dorsal horn

A

Spinothalamic tract

314
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tract sends the pain and temperature sensation?

A

Thalamus then 3, 1, 2

315
Q

This tract receives conscious proprioception, vibratory sense, 2-pt discrimination, and tactile sense

A

Dorsal Column Medial Leminiscus

316
Q

This part of the DCML carries info from the UE

A

Fasciculus Cuneatus

317
Q

This part of the DCML carries info from the LE

A

Fasciculus Gracilis

318
Q

Descending tract that delivers motor impulses from the brain and brainstem to the anterior horn cell

A

Corticospinal tract

319
Q

Where can the corticospinal tract be located?

A

Lateral white matter

320
Q

What are the main sources of the blood supply of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior Spinal Artery
Posterior Spinal Artery

321
Q

What areas in the spin receive the least blood supply (dark areas)?

A

T4
L1

322
Q

Ascending tracts

A

Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic
DCML
Dorsal and Ventral Spinocerebellar
Spinoreticular

323
Q

Tract that brings pain, temp, and tactile data to area 3, 1, 2

A

Lateral spinothalamic

324
Q

Where does information from the DCML end?

A

Fasciculus Cuneatus/Gracilis

325
Q

Descending tracts

A

Corticospinal
Corticobulbar
Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal

326
Q

Cell body and Axon of LMN

A

Cell body: AHC
Axon: peripheral nn

327
Q

Cell body and Axon of UMN

A

Axon: peripheral nn
Cell body: DRG

328
Q

Where does SC tract neuron 1 end at?

A

Dorsal nucleus of Clarke

329
Q

Tract responsible for voluntary movement of the muscles of the face and neck. Also responsible for phonation and swallowing

A

Corticobulbar tract

330
Q

Tract responsible for the voluntary movements of the UE and LE

A

Corticospinal tract

331
Q

Origin of corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

A

Motor Homonculus (area 4)

332
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

Lower medulla

333
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract end?

A

Anterior horn cell

334
Q

Where does the corticobulbar tract end?

A

At the level of the cranial nerve nuclei it will innervate

335
Q

Tract responsible for reorienting the head

A

Vestibulospinal

336
Q

Tract responsible for reorienting the trunk

A

Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal

337
Q

Blood supply of peripheral nerves

A

Vasa nervorum

338
Q

Compression of the whole nerve?

A

Neuropraxia

339
Q

Axon is cut but nerve sheath is intact

A

Axonotmesis

340
Q

Both axons and nerve sheaths are cut (trauma)

A

Neurotmesis

341
Q

2 types of muscle fibers in muscle spindle

A

Extrafusal
Intrafusal

342
Q

skeletal muscle fibers

A

extrafusal (alpha motor neurons)

343
Q

muscles at the end of the muscle spindle to keep it tight

A

Intrafusal (gamma motor neurons)

344
Q

branches of the lumbosacral plexus

A

Posterior
Anterior
Lateral femoral cutaneous

345
Q

What branch of the lumbosacral plexus forms the femoral nerve?

A

Posterior branch/division

346
Q

What branch of the lumbosacral plexus forms the obturator nerve (adductors)?

A

Anterior branch

347
Q

Function of the posterior branch of the lumbosacral plexus

A

Motor to quads
Sensory to anterior femoral cutaneous nerves (ant thigh)

348
Q

Function of the anterior branch of the lumbosacral plexus

A

Sensory and motor of the medial aspect of the thigh

349
Q

Four main branches of the sacral plexus

A

Tibial
Common peroneal
Pudendal
Pelvic splanchnic

350
Q

Function of the tibial branch in the sacral plexus

A

Sensory and motor of posterior thigh muscles, plantar flexors, toe flexors, and intrinsic toe ms

351
Q

Function of the common peroneal branch in the sacral plexus

A

Sensory and motor of dorsiflexors and evertors of the foot as well as toe extensors

352
Q

Function of the pudendal branch in the sacral plexus

A

Sensory and motor to the perineal area

353
Q

Function of the pelvic splanchnic branch in the sacral plexus

A

Parasympathetic function of sacral plexus that goes to the bladder and genitalia

354
Q

What does the first branch of the gluteal nerve do?

A

Innervates GMed and GMin (L4, L5, S1) for hip abd

355
Q

What does the second branch of the gluteal nerve do?

A

Innervates GMax for hip ext (L5, S1, S2)

356
Q

Lobe of the lateral surface of the hemisphere that is rostral to the central sulcus and above the lateral fissure

A

Frontal lobe

357
Q

Area of the skin supplied by the dorsal root

A

Dermatome

358
Q

Neurologic level that outlines a strip down the midline of the posterior thigh and the popliteal fossa, and it is supplied by the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

A

S2

359
Q

Carries impulses to the CNS

A

Afferent fibers

360
Q

(+) sign of meningeal irritation

A

(+) Brudzinski sign

361
Q

This structure act as the outermost covering for the brain but also as the lining membrane on the inner surfaces of the bones. It also gives valuable support to the brain, the partitions preventing shifting thereby safeguarding the brain against injury

A

Dura mater

362
Q

The middle trunk of the brachial plexus is formed by the roots of

A

C6 and C7

363
Q

This connective tissue filament passes through the subarachnoid space to the end of the dura and continues its attachment to the coccyx; a caudal continuation of the pia mater

A

Filum terminale

364
Q

What do you call the fold or grounded elevation found in the cortex?

A

Gyrus

365
Q

Innervation of the deltoids

A

Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

366
Q

Supplied by the femoral nerve, this neurologic level spans the anterior thigh immediately at and above the knee joint

A

L3

367
Q

The axillary and radial nerves are second branches of the

A

Posterior cord

368
Q

Capillary networks surrounded by cuboidal or columnar epithelium that forms the CSF

A

Choroid plexus

369
Q

The lateral arm and axillary nerve are supplied by this neurologic level

A

C5

370
Q

Deep somatic pain is transmitted by

A

C fibers

371
Q

A common developmental abnormality, it is a partial or complete failure of the posterior neuropore

A

Spina bifida

372
Q

A movement disorder resulting from disease of the basal striatum and characterized by rapid, irregular flow of motions and grimacing movements of the face

A

Chorea

373
Q

Taste impulses from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue are transmitted via what CN?

A

Facial nerve

374
Q

Most likely nerve to be injured during wrist slashing

A

Median nerve

375
Q

Supplied by the femoral nerve, this neurologic level crosses the anterior portion of the thigh

A

L2

376
Q

Stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus causes

A

Sweating
Cutaneous vasodilation
Increased respiration

377
Q

In the jaw reflex involving the masseter and temporalis muscles, this cranial nerve mediates the reflex are

A

Trigeminal nn

378
Q

Fibers from each retina cross behind the eyeball in what is known as

A

Optic chiasm

379
Q

Rapid, unpredictable jerks of a muscle

A

Chorea

380
Q

Sensation to the middle finger is supplied by this neurologic level

A

C7

2nd ME (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions