Neuro Flashcards
Pathogensis of haematoma
Trauma/deceleration (1) causes shearing of Dural venous sinuses
Diagnostic for haematoma
Non-contrast CT head
Crescent shaped haematoma [with no midline shift] (1) which are confined to suture lines of the skull (1)
How long to perform a lumbar puncture regarding haematoma
12 hours
Xanthochromia observed is most sensitive to positive results at this time (1)
GBS treamtent
IvIG and plasmapheresis
Describe the pain of a migraine
Unilateral (1) throbbing pain (1) or moderate-severe severity (1)
Acute migraine management
Triptans e.g. sumatriptan (1) and aspirin 900mg (1)
- You have just diagnosed an elderly man with Parkinson’s disease.
a. In this disease you have neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons. What region of the brain is affected, what pathway is therefore affected, and what does this ultimately result in?
Substantia Nigra PARS COMPACTA (1) which results in an impaired
NIGROSTRIATAL PATHWAY (1) and therefore results in PROBLEMS INITAIATING MOVEMENT (1)
4 signs of poorly controlled asthma in the history after follow up
Nocturnal cough, multiple exacerbations, wheeze, recessions, hyperinflated chest
Acute asthma management
Remember O SHIT ME for acute asthma management;
- O2, SABA, Hydrocortisone, Ipratropium, Theophylline, Mg sulfate, Escalate
Glasgow Coma Scale
Pathophysiology of MS
Symptoms of MS
MS
Absolute vs relative refractory period
Absolute: no AP can happen
Relative: More stimulus needed for AP to happen
What channel opens initially when the action potential propagates and what does this do to the value of the membrane potential?
voltage gated sodium channel and the membrane depolarises to +40 mv
What drugs are used to treat spasticity?
Baclofen – GABA analogy
Tizanidine – Alpha-2-Agonist
Dantrolene
Benzodiazapine
Botulinum Toxin
What is somatisation?
A functional symptom, the experience of a physical phenomenon with bodily symptoms without acknowledging the physiological phenomenon
The oral contraceptive pill is a thrombotic risk for which three things?
DVT
Pulmonary embolism
Sagittal sinus
Gower’s syndrome is a clinical feature of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy – what is it and what are other features?
Inability to rise to feet without use of hands
Occurs in young boys, presents with difficulty walking, running
Cardiac problems and arrhythmias, respiratory problems
Define…
Paresis, Ataxia, Apraxia
Paresis – impaired ability to move a part of the body, weakness
Ataxia – clumsy uncontrolled willed movements
Apraxia – inability to perform purposive actions
Define clonus
A series of involuntary rhythmic muscular contractions and relaxations, often co-exists with spasticity
What are charcot bouchard aneurysms?
Aneurysms arising from deep perforating arteries supplying the basal ganglia, occuring due to increased blood pressure
When do you not use the analgesic pain ladder?
In headaches due to the potential of a drug induced headache
What is the first line treatment in focal seizures?
Carbamazepine
Lamotrigine
Levetiracetam
