NEURO Flashcards
what can damage to the middle meningeal artery result in?
extradural haemorrhage
which nerve supplies sensory information to the dura mater of the skull?
CN V
what is the role of arachnoid granulations in the skull?
reabsorbs CSF
what is tentorium cerebelli?
a sheet of dura mater that covers the cerebellum
- attaches to the ridges of the petrous temporal bones
- has a central gap to permit the brainstem to pass through
what is the diaphragm sellae?
a tough sheet of dura mater that forms a roof over the pituitary fossa
what is the fax cerebri?
midline structure made of dura mater that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
what does the right external carotid artery supply?
the neck, face and scalp
what does the right internal carotid artery supply?
the brain
in which area of the brain does the circle of willis lie?
in the subarachnoid space
where is CSF produced?
the choroid plexus of the ventricles
where is a lumbar puncture done?
L3/L4
where does the subarachnoid space end?
S2
how is hydrocephalus managed with a shunt?
ventricular peritoneal shunt
the shunt catheter is tunnelled beneath the skin of the neck and chest then sited within the peritoneal cavity
between which two layers of the cranial cavity is an extradural haemorrhage?
bone and dura
which artery is ruptured to cause an extradural haemorrhage?
middle meningeal artery
(trauma to the pterion)
between which two layers is a subdural haemorrhage?
dura and arachnoid
what is transtentorial (uncal) cherniation?
when the medial part of the temporal lobe herniates inferior to the tentorium cerebelli
compression of the oculomotor nerve leads to ipsilateral fixed pupil - blown pupil
what is infratentorial herniation?
tonsillar herniation
the cerebellar tonsils herniate into the foramen magnum
which type of herniation can cause a blown pupil?
transtentorial (uncle) herniation
which cranial nerve is the only one to attach to the pons?
CN V
where does CN V2 exit the skull?
foramen rotundum
where does CN V3 exit the skull?
foramen ovale
what does CN V1 supply?
upper eyelid
cornea
all the conjunctiva
skin of the root/bridge/tip of nose
what does CN V2 supply?
skin of the lower eyelid
skin over the maxilla
skin of the ala of the nose
skin/mucosa of the upper lip
what does CN V3 supply?
skin over the mandible and temporomandibular joint
where does the facial nerve (CN VII) exit the skull?
internal acoustic meatus
what does CN VII supply?
taste buds of the anterior 2/3rds of tongue (chorda tympani)
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (chorda tympani)
right stapedius
where does CN IX exit the skull?
jugular foramen
what does CN IX supply?
posterior 1/3rd of tongue
carotid sinus baroreceptors and carotid body chemoreceptors
Eustachian tube
middle ear cavity
palatine tonsil
afferent limb of the gag reflex
where does CN X exit the skull?
jugular foramen
what does unilateral pathology of CN X do?
unilateral pathology pulls uvula away from the non-functioning side
where is the dermatome for the perineum?
S4
where is the dermatome for the umbilicus?
T10
where is the dermatome for the nipple?
T4
where is the dermatome for the middle finger?
C7
where is the dermatome for the badge patch area?
C5
what are the nerve roots of the radial nerve?
C6, C7, C8
what are the nerve roots of the ulnar nerve?
C8, T1
what are the nerve roots of the median nerve?
C6, C7, C8, T1
what are the myotomes of the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
what are the myotomes of the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
what are the myotomes of the lumbosacral plexus?
L1-S4
which spinal level is the knee reflex testing?
L4
which spinal level is the ankle reflex testing?
S1
define paralysis?
a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply
cannot contract
would have reduced tone on examination
define spasticity?
muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve
the descending controls from the brain are not working
on examination the muscle has increased tone
