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Critical Care Course > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

3 Layers of the brain

A

Dua Mater- tough outer covering lining skull separated from the arachnoid mater by the subdural space

Arachnoid mater- delicate impermeable membrane separated from the Pia mater by the subarachnoid space

Pia Mater- innermost layer of membrane, adheres to the brain and spinal chord

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2
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid

A 
In the subarachnoid space
CSF
500ml/day or 20ml/hr
clear/straw coloured
made within ventricles
flows down the brain stem into venous return

Venous return in the arachnoid villi in the dura mater

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3
Q

Cerebral Compliance

A

Monroe Kellie hypothesis
Tissue, blood, csf= filled capacity

skull is closed box

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4
Q

The deep groove dividing hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosium

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5
Q

Central nervous system: 6 regions

A 
Cerebrum
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pona and Cerebellum
Medulla
Spinal Chord
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6
Q

FRONTAL LOBE

A

Voluntary movement
expressive language

Prefrontal cortex (motor activities)

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7
Q

PARIETAL LOBE

A

Somatosensory information
sensations
creative thought/memories

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8
Q

TEMPORAL LOBE

A

processing auditory info
encoding memory
olfactory
smell and taste sensations

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9
Q

OCCIPITAL LOBE

A

Visual cortex
distance and depth perception
colour, object, face recognition, memory formation

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10
Q

Sulci

A

Fissuers between gyri

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11
Q

Gyri

A

Raised surfaces of the convolutions

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12
Q

Folds (Gyri/Sulca)

A

Increase surface area

Billions of neurons

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13
Q

Cerebrum

A

Grey matter

contains 4 lobes

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14
Q

White matter

A

Consists of mylinated nerve tracts
Allows straight quick communication of electrical impulses

Association fibers- links different parts within hemisphere
Commissural fibers- links similar parts between hemispheres
Projection Fibers- sensory and motor cortex down or up chords

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15
Q

Thalamus

A

Emotional expressions, sensory fibres
Contains pineal gland
Melatonin produced for sleep cycles

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control of sympathetic and parasympathetic system

Body temperature
Food intake (appestat detects blood glucose) and Satiety centre (determines if you've eaten enough)

Nervous and Endocrine control

Autonomous nervous system

10/12 cranial nerves pass through

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17
Q

Hippocampus

A

Learning and memory
part of limbic system
short and long term
mapping behaviours

18
Q

Cerebellum

A 
Primitive area of brain
Fight or flight
fine motor movement, dexterity
motor coordination
sensory inpits
motor areas
19
Q

Brain stem: Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

A

Control of organs
Locked in syndrome

cos reg, cardiovascular centre, cranial nerve,

reticular formation- human consciousness

20
Q

Intracranial Pressure

A

ICP 10 Normal

Increased through coughing, intrathoracic pressure, bleeds, swelling etc.

21
Q

Circle of Willis

A

located at base of skull

blood supply to brain

22
Q

No of Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs

23
Q

Composition of Neuron

A 
Dendrites
Nucleus
Cell body
Myelin
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon terminals
synapses
24
Q

Cushings Triad

A

Increased intracranial pressure
similar to arterial pressure
so no flow

Hypertensive
Bradycardia
Irregular pressure

25
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Slightly permeable to Na+, K+ and Cl-
Very permeable to oxygen, Co2, water, alcohol, and anaesthetics

Not permeable to blood proteins and non-lipids organic molecules

26
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory-somatic- cranial and spinal nerves

Autonomic system- parasympathetic and sympathetic

27
Q

Sensory-somatic system

A

Sensation: light, touch, pain, temperature, muscle position sense

28
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

Sensory and motor neurns

Acts through sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

29
Q

CRANIAL NERVES

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharayngeal
Vagus
Spinal Accessroy
Hypoglossal
30
Q

Motor, sensory or both for cranial nerves

A 
S - olfactory
S- optic
M- ocular motor
M- trochlear
B-trigeminal
M-abducens
B-facial
S-vestibulocochlear
B-glossopharangeal
B-vagus
M- accessory
M-hypoglossal
31
Q

Signs of herniation

A 
Pupillary changes
confusion
motor weakness
nausea/vomitting
headache
32
Q

Brain Stem Death

A

Tests:
Brainstem reflexes (pupil reaction, dolls head, corneal reflex, motor reflex, motor response, cochlear response, no gag on suction)
Irreversible apnoea (increase co2>5.3 for over 5 minutes)
Re-test by another physician

33
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Cervical C1-8
Thoracic T1-12
Lumbar L1-5
Sacrum S1-5

34
Q

Spinal Nerve anatomy

A

Contains:

Dorsal Root: carry signals to CNS from receptors

Ventral Root: contain axons of motor neurones that carry information to muscles/gland effectors

35
Q

Pain Definition

A

Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Acute, Chronic, Cancer

36
Q

Types of Pain

A

Nociceptive pain (stimuli from Somatic and visceral structures)

Neuropathic pain (stimuli abnormally processed)

37
Q

Transduction

A 
Noxious stimuli
tissues release inflammatory and pain mediators
stimulates neuron
Neuron becomes permeable to sodium
creates a positive charge
which hen depolarises
causing an impulse to be generated
moves across the neutron
38
Q

Transmission

A 
Impulse
spinal cord
brain stem
thalamus
central structures of brain
pain is processed

neurotransmitters are needed to continue the impulse from the Spinal cord to brain

39
Q

Process- perception of pain

A

occurs in cortical structures of brain

40
Q

Modulation of pain

A

changing or inhibiting pain impulses in descending tract (ie brain to spinal cord)
Descending fibres release substances such as norepinephrine and seratonin= inhibits noxious pain stimuli

41
Q

Substance P

A

Bodys main pain neurotransmitter

Pain, inflammation, anxiety, depression and nausea

42
Q

Gate Theory

A

In dorsal horn
small nerve fibers (pain receptors)
Larger nerve fibers (normal receptors)

Critical Care Course (6 decks)

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