Neuro Flashcards by Emily Brayne

3 Layers of the brain

Dua Mater- tough outer covering lining skull separated from the arachnoid mater by the subdural space

Arachnoid mater- delicate impermeable membrane separated from the Pia mater by the subarachnoid space

Pia Mater- innermost layer of membrane, adheres to the brain and spinal chord

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Cerebral spinal fluid

In the subarachnoid space
CSF
500ml/day or 20ml/hr
clear/straw coloured
made within ventricles
flows down the brain stem into venous return

Venous return in the arachnoid villi in the dura mater

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Cerebral Compliance

Monroe Kellie hypothesis
Tissue, blood, csf= filled capacity

skull is closed box

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The deep groove dividing hemispheres

Corpus Callosium

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Central nervous system: 6 regions

Cerebrum
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pona and Cerebellum
Medulla
Spinal Chord

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FRONTAL LOBE

Voluntary movement
expressive language

Prefrontal cortex (motor activities)

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PARIETAL LOBE

Somatosensory information
sensations
creative thought/memories

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TEMPORAL LOBE

processing auditory info
encoding memory
olfactory
smell and taste sensations

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OCCIPITAL LOBE

Visual cortex
distance and depth perception
colour, object, face recognition, memory formation

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Sulci

Fissuers between gyri

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Gyri

Raised surfaces of the convolutions

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Folds (Gyri/Sulca)

Increase surface area

Billions of neurons

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Cerebrum

Grey matter

contains 4 lobes

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White matter

Consists of mylinated nerve tracts
Allows straight quick communication of electrical impulses

Association fibers- links different parts within hemisphere
Commissural fibers- links similar parts between hemispheres
Projection Fibers- sensory and motor cortex down or up chords

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Thalamus

Emotional expressions, sensory fibres
Contains pineal gland
Melatonin produced for sleep cycles

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Hypothalamus

Control of sympathetic and parasympathetic system

Body temperature
Food intake (appestat detects blood glucose) and Satiety centre (determines if you've eaten enough)

Nervous and Endocrine control

Autonomous nervous system

10/12 cranial nerves pass through

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Hippocampus

Learning and memory
part of limbic system
short and long term
mapping behaviours

Cerebellum

Primitive area of brain
Fight or flight
fine motor movement, dexterity
motor coordination
sensory inpits
motor areas

Brain stem: Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Control of organs
Locked in syndrome

cos reg, cardiovascular centre, cranial nerve,

reticular formation- human consciousness

Intracranial Pressure

ICP 10 Normal

Increased through coughing, intrathoracic pressure, bleeds, swelling etc.

Circle of Willis

located at base of skull

blood supply to brain

No of Spinal Nerves

31 pairs

Composition of Neuron

Dendrites
Nucleus
Cell body
Myelin
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon terminals
synapses

Cushings Triad

Increased intracranial pressure
similar to arterial pressure
so no flow

Hypertensive
Bradycardia
Irregular pressure

Blood Brain Barrier

Slightly permeable to Na+, K+ and Cl- Very permeable to oxygen, Co2, water, alcohol, and anaesthetics Not permeable to blood proteins and non-lipids organic molecules

Peripheral nervous system

Sensory-somatic- cranial and spinal nerves Autonomic system- parasympathetic and sympathetic

Sensory-somatic system

Sensation: light, touch, pain, temperature, muscle position sense

Autonomic Nervous system

Sensory and motor neurns | Acts through sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

CRANIAL NERVES

``` Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharayngeal Vagus Spinal Accessroy Hypoglossal ```

Motor, sensory or both for cranial nerves

``` S - olfactory S- optic M- ocular motor M- trochlear B-trigeminal M-abducens B-facial S-vestibulocochlear B-glossopharangeal B-vagus M- accessory M-hypoglossal ```

Signs of herniation

``` Pupillary changes confusion motor weakness nausea/vomitting headache ```

Brain Stem Death

Tests: Brainstem reflexes (pupil reaction, dolls head, corneal reflex, motor reflex, motor response, cochlear response, no gag on suction) Irreversible apnoea (increase co2>5.3 for over 5 minutes) Re-test by another physician

Spinal Nerves

Cervical C1-8 Thoracic T1-12 Lumbar L1-5 Sacrum S1-5

Spinal Nerve anatomy

Contains: Dorsal Root: carry signals to CNS from receptors Ventral Root: contain axons of motor neurones that carry information to muscles/gland effectors

Pain Definition

Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage Acute, Chronic, Cancer

Types of Pain

Nociceptive pain (stimuli from Somatic and visceral structures) Neuropathic pain (stimuli abnormally processed)

Transduction

``` Noxious stimuli tissues release inflammatory and pain mediators stimulates neuron Neuron becomes permeable to sodium creates a positive charge which hen depolarises causing an impulse to be generated moves across the neutron ```

Transmission

``` Impulse spinal cord brain stem thalamus central structures of brain pain is processed ``` neurotransmitters are needed to continue the impulse from the Spinal cord to brain

Process- perception of pain

occurs in cortical structures of brain

Modulation of pain

changing or inhibiting pain impulses in descending tract (ie brain to spinal cord) Descending fibres release substances such as norepinephrine and seratonin= inhibits noxious pain stimuli

Substance P

Bodys main pain neurotransmitter | Pain, inflammation, anxiety, depression and nausea

Gate Theory

In dorsal horn small nerve fibers (pain receptors) Larger nerve fibers (normal receptors)