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Third Year Exam > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

frontal lobe functions

A

pre-frontal cortex - higher mental functioning
primary motor cortex - corticospinal
broaca area - speech

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2
Q

temporal lobe functions

A

primary auditory crotex

wernikes area - comprehension of speech

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3
Q

parietal lobe functions

A

primary somatosensory cotex
visual association cortex
somatosensory association cortex

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4
Q

occipital lobe functions

A

primary visual cortex

secondary visual cortex

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5
Q

layers of meninges

A

dura
arachnoid
pia

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6
Q

pyramidal tract function

A

voluntary muscle control

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7
Q

where does corticospinal tract decussate

A

medulla pyramids

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8
Q

pyramidal lesion signs

A 
increased muscle tone 
hyperreflexia
weakness
clonus
babinski+
hoffman+
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9
Q

extrapyramidal function

A

involuntary motor control

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10
Q

extrapyramidal lesion signs

A

parkinsonims
chorea
athetosis
dystonia

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11
Q

corticospinal tract lesion - what side

A

contralateral

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12
Q

cerebellar lesion signs

A

posture and gait
tremor and ataxia
nyastagmus
dysarthria

(ipsilateral)

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13
Q

UMN signs

A 
no muscle wasting 
spasticity 
clonus preent 
brisk tendon reflexes 
babinski sign
poor balance 
lack of coordination with movements
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14
Q

LMN signs

A 
muscle wasting 
flacidity 
no clonus 
diminished/ansent reflexes 
waddling gait 
difficulty rising from chair
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15
Q

DCML pathway

A

discriminatory touch, pressure, vibration, conscious proprioception

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16
Q

ST pathways

A

fine touch, pain, temperature

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17
Q

DCML pathway lesion - what side

A

ipsilateral

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18
Q

ST pathway lesion - what side

A

contralateral

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19
Q

weak leg stroke - what vessel

A

anterior cerebral artery

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20
Q

weak arm and face stroke - what vessel

A

middle cerebral artery (most common)

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21
Q

eye problems stroke - what vessel

A

posterior cerebral artery

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22
Q

haemorrhagic stroke features

A

more likely to be conscious
headache
neurological defects sudden but more likely to be progressive

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23
Q

stroke scan

A

non-contrast CT

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24
Q

infarctions presentation on scan

A

wedge shaped

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25
Q

haemorrhage presentation on scan

A

dense

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26
Q

thrombylisis cut off

A

4.5 hours onset

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27
Q

confirmed occlusion of proximal anterior circulation

A

thrombectomy

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28
Q

secondary prevention stroke

A

statins

clopidogrel

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29
Q

generalised tonic-clonic treatment

A

SV

lamotrogine

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30
Q

absence seizure treatment

A

SV
ethosuximide
lamotrogine

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31
Q

parkinsons pathology

A

loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, most notably substantia nigra

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32
Q

parkinsons treatment

A 
levodopa 
dopamin agnoists (cabergoline)
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33
Q

essential tremor presentation

A

strong family history
worse on intentional movement
reduce or absent at rest

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34
Q

essential tremor treatment

A

b-blockers
primidone
gabapentin
alcohol may help

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35
Q

huntingtons inheritance

A

autosomal dominant complete penetrance

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36
Q

huntingtons genes

A

defect on chromosome 4 on HTT gene

CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion

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37
Q

huntingtons treatment

A

supportive
antipsychotics
counselling family

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38
Q

MS pathology

A

chronic autoimmune T cell mediated

demyelination condition with axonal loss

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39
Q

MS investigations

A

MRI (definitive) - plaques

CSF - oligoclonal bands

40
Q

MS acute relapse treatment

A

pred

41
Q 
MS symptomatic management 
fatigue 
sensory 
urinary 
pyramidal
A

fatigue - amatidine
sensory - gabapentin, amytrip
urinary - bladder drill, oxybutinin, desmopressin, catheter
pyramidal - baclofen, notu toxin

42
Q

ALS signs

A

boh UMN and LMN

43
Q

progressive bulbar palsy presentation

A

speech and swallowing difficulties

44
Q

MND diagnosis

A

EMG and nerve conduction studies

45
Q

MND management

A

riluzole - may slow down progression

baclofen: spasms

46
Q

migraine acute treatment

A

aspirin
naproxen
ibuprofen
triptans

47
Q

migraine prophylaxis

A

amytriptyline
propanolol
topiramate

48
Q

cluster headache acute treatment

A

high flow O2
sumitriptan
steroids

49
Q

cluster headache prophylaxis

A

verapamil

50
Q

tension headache acute treatment

A

aspirin, paracetm NSAID

51
Q

tension headache prophylaxis

A

acupuncture

52
Q

normal ICP

A

7-15mmHg

53
Q

raised ICP signs

A

headache present on walking
worse when coughing
vomiting
visual obscurations

54
Q

idiopathic intracranial hypertension management

A

wt loss
diuretics
shunt

55
Q

raised ICP management

A

diretics
coma if indicated
anti-epileptics
surgical decopression

56
Q

raised ICP causes

A

mass effect
swelling
inc central venous pressure
problems with CSF flow

57
Q

trigeminal neuralgia treatment

A

carbemazepine, gaba, lamo, phenytoin provide acute pain relief

surgery

58
Q

brown sequard syndrome features

A

ipsilateral motor/dorsal

contralateral spinothalamic

59
Q

central cord syndrome feautres

A

cape linke sensory loss

distal upper limb weakness

60
Q

extradural haematoma vessel involved

A

middle meningeal artery

61
Q

extradural haematoma features

A

injury with LOC
recovery with lucid interval
rapidly progressive

62
Q

extradural haematoma imaging

A

lentiform

limited by the suture lines

63
Q

subdural haematoma vessel involved

A

bridging veins

64
Q

subdural haematoma features

A

chronic

dull heaache, fluctuating LOC

65
Q

subdural haematoma imaging

A

crescentric shape

66
Q

extradural haeamtoma management

A

craniotomy with evacuation

67
Q

subdural haematoma management

A

surgical decompression with burr holes

68
Q

meningitis most common organisms

A

neisseria meningitisidis

strep pneumoniae

69
Q

bacterial meningitis treatment

A

ceftriaxone + dexamethasone (+azith in >60s)

70
Q

meningitis LP

A

cells
protein
glucose

71
Q

encephalitis most common organism

A

HSV1

72
Q

encephalitis features

A 
personality/mood changes
dec LOC
coma
seizures 
focal/diffuse neuro deficits 
\+ meningism
73
Q

encephalitis treatment

A

aciclovir

74
Q

guillian barrie syndrome management

A

IV immunoglobulin/plasmapheresis

75
Q

myasthenia gravis acute management

A

pyridostigmine
IV immunoglobulin
thymectomy

76
Q

myasthenia gravis long term management

A

steroids (pred)

immunosupression (azathiprine)

77
Q

meningitis in a child with pneumococcal

A

ceftriaxone

78
Q

meningitis prophylaxis

A

rifampicin

79
Q

lamotrogine side effect

A

steven johnson syndrome

80
Q

lithium side effects

A 
dry mouth
diarrhoea 
metallic taste 
tremor
weight gain 
water retention 
hypothyroid
blood test 5 days after starting
81
Q

typical antipsychotics side effects

haloperidol, chlorpromazine

A

tardative dyskineasi

akathisia

82
Q

ALS treatment

A

riluzole

83
Q

DCML crosses at

A

medulla

84
Q

ST crosses at

A

spinal level

85
Q

treatment of lewy body dementia

A

rivastigmine

86
Q

multiple system strophy

A

rapid progression
cerebellar and pyramidal signs
rigidity worse than tremor

87
Q

normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

weird
wet
wobbly

88
Q

cavernous sinus syndrome

A 
opthalmoplegia
chemosis 
proptosis 
horner syndrome 
trigeminal sensory
89
Q

cavernous sinus syndrome causes

A

infection
trauma
vascular
malignancy

90
Q

confirm diagnosis of alzheimers

A

MMSE

91
Q

confirm diagnosis of LBD

A

DAT scan

92
Q

confirm diagnosis of picks disease

A

CT scan

93
Q

confirm diagnosis of vascular dementia

A

SPECT scan

94
Q

SAH treatment

A

nimodipine

surgical clipping

95
Q

cause of foot drop

A

L4/L5 disc herniation - compressing L5

96
Q

regimental patch numbness

A

axillary nerve

Third Year Exam (11 decks)

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