Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
What pathways does the ventral posterior lateral nucleus receive and send?
A
Spinothalamic
anterior is crude touch
lateral spinothalamic tract is pain and temperature
dorsal columns: vibration and proprioception
2
Q
What does the ventral posteromedial nucleus send?
A
Trigeminal and gustatory pathway
Face sensation and taste
3
Q
What does the Lateral geniculate nucleus send?
A
CNII optic chasm and optic tract
Helps with vision
4
Q
What does the medial geniculate nucleus receive and send?
A
superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
Helps with hearing
5
Q
What does the ventral lateral nucleus do?
A
Sends the cerebellum and basal ganglia
6
Q
If there is decreased activity in the mesocortical dopaminergic pathway what happens?
A
negative symptoms: anergia, apathy, lack of spontenaity
antipsychotics can effect this
7
Q
What happens when there is increased activity in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway?
A
there are positive symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations
8
Q
What happens with a decrease in the tuberoinfucnidbular dopaminergic pathway?
A
Increased prolactin and decreased libido
gynecomastia in men
9
Q
What travels through the optic canal?
A
CNII
ophthalmic artery
10
Q
What travels through the superior orbital fissure
A
CN III
CN IV
CN VI
CN V1
11
Q
What travels through the foramen rotundum?
A
CN V2
12
Q
What travels through the foramen spinousum?
A
Middle meningeal artery
13
Q
What travels through the foramen ovale?
A
CN V3
14
Q
What travels through the internal auditory meatus?
A
CN VII
CN VIII
15
Q
What travels through the jugular foramen?
A
CN IX
CN X
CN XI
Jugular vein
16
Q
What travels through the hypoglossal canal
A
CN XII
17
Q
What travels through the foramen magnum?
A
Brain stem
Spinal root of CN XI
Vertebral arteries
18
Q
What is the afferent portion of the corneal reflex
A
V1 ophthalmic: nasociliary branch
19
Q
What is the efferent portion of the corneal reflex
A
Bilateral VII
temporal branch-orbiculares oculi
20
Q
What is the afferent portion of the lacrimation reflex
A
V1
21
Q
What is the efferent portion of the lacrimation reflex
A
VII
22
Q
what is the afferent portion of the jaw jerk reflex
A
V3
23
Q
What is the afferent portion of the pupillary reflex?
A
II
24
Q
What is the efferent portion of the pupillary reflex?
A
III
25
What happens with a lesion of the frontal lobe?
Deficits in concentration, orientation, and reemergence of primitive reflexes
26
What happens with a lesion in the frontal eye fields?
Eyes look toward the brain lesion
AWAY from the side of hemiplegia
27
What happens with a lesion in the paramedic pontine reticular formation?
The eyes look away form the brain lesion or TOWARD the side of the hemiplegia
28
What happens with a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciciulus?
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
impaired adduction of the IPSILATERAL EYE and nystagmus of the CONTRALATERAL eye with ABDUCTION
29
What happens with a lesion in the hippocampus
anterograde amnesia
30
What happens with a lesion in the sub thalamic nucleus?
Contralateral hemiballismus
31
What are the symptoms of a lesion in the motor and sensory cortices in the middle cerebral artery?
Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss
32
What are the symptoms of a lesion in the anterior cerebral artery? motor and sensory cortices
Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss- lower limb, urinary incontinence
33
What are the symptoms of a lesion in the lenticulostriate artery? Specifically the striatum or the internal capsule
Contralateral paralysis
Absence of cortical signs
Pure motor stroke
Secondary to unmanaged HTN
34
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the cortical spinal tract via the anterior spinal artery?
Contralateral paralysis of the upper and lower limbs
35
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the medial lemniscus via the anterior spinal artery?
decreased contralateral proprioception
36
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the caudal medulla (hypoglossal nerve) via the anterior spinal artery?
Ipsilateral hypoglossal dysfunction
Tongue will deviate ipsilaterally
37
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the nucleus ambiguous of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery?
Dysphagia
Hoarseness
Decreased gag reflex
38
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the vestibular nuclei of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery?
Vomiting
Vertigo
Nystagmus
39
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the lateral spinothalamic tract or spinal trigeminal nucleus of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery?
decreased pain and temperature sensation of the contralateral body
Decreased pain and temperature sensation from the ipsilateral face
40
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the sympathetic fibers of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery?
Ipsilateral Horner syndrome
41
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
Ipsilateral ataxia and dysmetria
42
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the facial nucleus of the lateral pons from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery?
Paralysis of the face
Decreased lacrimation
Decreased salivation
Decreased taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
43
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the vestibular nuclei of the lateral pons from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery?
Vomiting vertigo and nystagmus
44
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the spinothalamic tract of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the lateral pons from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery?
Decreased pain and temperature sensation from the contralateral body and the ipsilateral face
45
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the labyrinthine artery of the lateral pons from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery?
Ipsilateral sensorineural deafness and vertigo
46
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the pons, medulla, or lower midbrain of the basilar artery?
If RAS is spared then conciousness is preserved
47
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion at the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts from the basilar artery?
Quadripalegia: loss of voluntary facial, mouth, and tongue movements
48
What are the symptoms if there is a lesion in the occipital lobe that is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?
Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing
| Alexia without agraphia
49
a 40 y/o male with a hx of epilepsy comes in for f/u of seizure management. You notice that this patient has a port wine stain that is present on his face as well. What is the disease that you are suspecting?
Sturge Weber syndrome
50
What is the mutation that is associated with Sturge weber syndrome?
GNAQ gene
51
a 40 y/o male with a hx of epilepsy comes in for f/u of seizure management. You notice that this patient has a port wine stain that is present on his face as well. If you were to do imaging on this man, what would you expect to see on a brain MRI?
Tram track calcifications on opposing gyro but ipsilateral
52
Describe the symptoms that are present in tuberous sclerosis
HAMARTOMASS
```
Hamartomas in the CNS and skin
Angiofibromas
Mitral regurgitation
Ash-leaf spots
Rhabdomyoma
(Tuberous sclerosis)
Autosomal dOminant
Mental Retardation
Angiomyolipoma
Seizures
Shagreen patches
```
53
What are the mutations that are seen in Tuberous sclerosis
TSC1: chromosome 9
TSC2: chromosome 16
54
A patient comes in with complaints of uncontrolled HTN. On exam you notice that there are some spots on their skin that are pigmented and splotchy. What are you thinking?
Neurofibromatosis type 1
Cafe Au lait spots
55
What are the mutation that is present in Neurofibromatosis Type 1
NF1 tumor supressor gene on chromosome 17
56
What are the symptoms that are associated with Neurofibromatosis Type 1?
CICLOPSS
```
Cafe Au Last spots
Intellectual disability
Cutaneous neurofibromas
Lisch nodules
Optic gliomas
Pheochromocytomas
Seizures and neuro Signs
```
57
```
What disease am I describing?
Bilateral vestibular schwannomas
juvenile cataracts
Meningiomas
ependymomas
```
Neurofibromatosis Type II
58
What is the mutation that is seen in NF2
AD mutation in NF2 on Chromosome 22
59
What are the symptoms of von hippie-lindau disease
HARP
Hemangioblastoma
Angiomatosis
Renal cell carcinoma
Pheochromocytomas
60
Describe Brown Sequard syndrome.
If I have a hemisection that is present at T8 on the left side, what will I see?
Ipsilateral loss of all sensation at the level of the lesion: Left sided loss of sensation at T8
Ipsilateral LMN signs at the levels of the lesion: Left sided flaccid paralysis at T8
Ipsilateral UMN signs below the level of the lesion: left sided muscle rigidity and increased reflexes below T8
Ipsilateral loss of proprioception, vibration, light touch, and tactile sense below the level of the lesion: Left sided loss of these sensations below T8
Contralateral loss of pain, temperature, and crude touch: Right sided loss of pain, temp, and crude touch below t8
61
In a CN V motor lesion, the jaw will deviate ______ the side of the lesion
TOWARD
62
In a CN X lesion, the uvula will deviate ______ the side of the lesion
AWAY
63
In a CN XII lesion, the tongue will deviate ______ the lesion
TOWARD
64
Describe normal findings of the Weber and Rinne test?
No localization of the Weber test
Air conduction is greater than the bone conduction
65
Describe the Weber and Rinne test if there is a conductive hearing loss
The Weber test will localize to the affected ear
Bone conduction will be greater than the air conduction
66
Describe the Weber and Rinne test if there is a sensorineural hearing loss
the Weber test will localize to the unaffected ear
Air conduction is greater than the bone conduction
67
You have a patient in your office. You do a Weber and Rinne testing. The patient's Weber test localizes to the Right ear and the bone conduction is more prominent than the air conduction. What is going on?
Conductive hearing loss in the right ear
68
Describe the scenario of a sensorineural hearing loss in the left ear.
The Weber test will refer to the right and the air conduction will be greater than the bone conduction
69
A patient comes in with left eyelid drooping and you also notice that the left eye is positioned down and out. what is happening?
CN III damage
70
A patient comes in and you notice that they are tilting their head as they talk to you. They state that they also have issues going down the stairs secondary to diplopia. What is going on? Which muscles are affected?
CN IV damage
Superior Oblique
