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Neurology > Neuro 1 - Organisation of the Brainstem and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Neuro 1 - Organisation of the Brainstem and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the colliculi found and what are their functions?

A

Roof of the midbrain

superior - coordination of head and eye movements

inferior - auditory reflexes

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2
Q

Describe the location of the pons relative to the ventricular system

A

The pons is the floor of the 4th ventricle

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3
Q

Name an important unpaired midline structure of the posterior aspect of the brainstem.

A

Pineal gland

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4
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland?

A

produces melotonin, involved in circadian rhythm

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5
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges from the back of the brainstem?

A

Trochlear

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6
Q

What is the role of the trochlear nerve?

A

supplies the superior oblique muscle

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7
Q

What structure defines the medulla in the dorsal aspect and what pathways are found within this structure?

A

Dorsal columns

- sensory pathways - touch and proprioception

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8
Q

What three things can be seen superior to the pons when viewing the brainstem from an anteroinferior view?

A

optic chiasm
Pituitary stalk
Mamimillary bodies

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9
Q

What are the mammillary bodies?

A

part of limbic system

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10
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges in the midline just above the transverse fibres of the pons?

A

Oculomotor

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11
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

descending motor tracts coming fro the motor cortex

+ holds cerebrum onto the brainstem

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12
Q

Name the cranial nerve that emerges from the lateral aspect of the pons?

A

Trigeminal

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13
Q

What is the role of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Touch and sensation throughout the head and neck

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14
Q

What is the main motor unit of the trigeminal nerve innervating?

A

muscles of mastication

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15
Q

Which 3 nerves emerge at the pontomedullary junction?

A

Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear

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16
Q

What is the role of the abducens, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves?

A

Abducens - lateral rectus of eye
Facial - innervates the muscles of facial expression + taste for anterior 2/3

Vestibulocochlear - involved in balance and hearing

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17
Q

Which 3 nerves emerge from the lateral medulla?

A

glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory

18
Q

What is the role of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves?

A

glossopharyngeal - sensory and motor innervation of the tongue and pharynx

vagus - main parasympathetic nerve descending down to the viscera

accessory - supplies trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

19
Q

What is the last cranial nerve?

A

Hypoglossal - supplies musculature of tongue

20
Q

The motor fibres coming down from the motor cortex come via the cerebral peduncles then disappear behind the transverse fibres of the pons. What structure do they re-emerge as, inferior to the transverse fibres?

A

Pyramids

21
Q

What percentage of motor fibres cross to the contralateral side of the body in the brainstem and where does this changing of the sides take place?

A

90-95%

pyramids

22
Q

What are the four functional subtypes of the cranial nerves and what are their actions?

A

General Somatic Afferent
● Sensation from the skin and mucous membranes

General Visceral Afferent
● Sensation from the GIT, heart, vessels and lungs

General Somatic Efferent
● Muscles for eye and tongue movements General

Visceral Efferent
● Preganglionic parasympathetic

23
Q

What are the special subtypes of cranial nerves and what are their actions?

A

Special Somatic Afferent
● Vision, hearing and equilibrium

Special Visceral Afferent
● Smell and Taste (comes from three nerves that converge on the nucleus solitarius)

Special Visceral Efferent
● Muscles involved in chewing, facial expression, swallowing, vocal sounds and turning the head

24
Q

What structure separates the sensory nuclei from the motor nuclei in the spinal cord and brainstem?

A

Sulcus Limitans

25
Q

What happens in the formation of the rhombencephalon and how does this affect the arrangement of the nuclei?

A

Alar plate opens up

opening of alar means motor nuclei are medial and sensory are lateral in the brainstem

26
Q

Describe the arrangement of different groups of columns within the brainstem.

A

Motor - medial
Sensory - Lateral

Motor - medial to later = GSE SVE GVE
Sensory - medial to lateral = GVA/SVA, GSA, SSA

27
Q

State the nuclei that are in the general somatic efferent group and desribe the location within the brainstem.

A

Oculomotor - midbrain
trochlear - midbrain
Abducens - pons
Hypoglossus - medulla

28
Q

State the nuclei which are in the special visceral efferent group and describe their location within the brainstem.

A

Trigeminal - pons
Facial - pons
Ambiguus - medulla
Accessory - cervical spinal cord

29
Q

State the nuclei that are in the general visceral efferent group and describe their location in the brainstem.

A

Edinger Westphal - midbrain
Salivatory - ponto-medullary border
Vagus - Pons

30
Q

State the nuclei that are in the special somatic afferent group and describe their location?

A

Vestibulocochlear - pons and medulla

31
Q

State the nuclei that are in the general somatic afferent group and describe their location within the brainstem.

A

Trigeminal - in all 3 parts + cervical spinal cord

32
Q

State the nuclei that are in the general visceral afferent and special visceral afferent groups and describe their location within the brainstem.

A

Solitarius - mainly in the medulla

33
Q

Describe the appearance of a cross section of the midbrain?

A

mickey mouse appearance
ears = cerebral peduncles
substantia nigra

34
Q

What is the substantia nigra? Describe its clinical significance?

A

group of dopaminergic neurones
produce neuromelatonin
Parkinson’s = loss of these neurones

35
Q

Describe the appareance of a cross section of the pons.

A

4th ventricle

transverse fibres seen

36
Q

Describe the appearance of a cross section of the medulla?

A

pyramids seen
inferior olivary nucleus
4th ventricle still visible

37
Q

Describe the appearance of the lower medulla.

A

more round
central canal
dorsal columns
pyramidal decussation

38
Q

Name the 2 columns that make up the dorsal columns.

A

Gracilis - more medial - lower limb sensory

Cuneate - more later - upper limb sensory

39
Q

What is lateral medullary syndrome?

A 
occulsion of vertebral arteries or PICS
causes
- horner's 
vertigo
ipsilateral loss of pain on face
- contralteral loss of pain in trunk
ataxia
40
Q

What are the symptoms of Horner’s syndrome?

A

ptosis
loss of sweating around eye
hoarseness
difficulty swallowing

Neurology (19 decks)

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