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MA - Clínica Médica > Neuro 1 Fraqueza Parkinson E Demencia > Flashcards

Neuro 1 Fraqueza Parkinson E Demencia Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Acute, self-limiting polyradiculoneuropathy; symmetrical; autoimmune disorder affecting the peripheral nerves and roots.

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2
Q

What is the common preceding infection in Guillain-Barré syndrome patients?

A

Campylobacter jejuni in 75% of cases.

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3
Q

Which demographic is most commonly affected by Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Young men.

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4
Q

What is the typical duration of Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Up to 8 weeks.

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5
Q

What is the primary target of Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Peripheral motor nerves.

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of lower motor neuron lesions?

A

Weakness, flaccidity, and areflexia.

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7
Q

What is assessed to evaluate the integrity of the second motor neuron?

A

Reflexes with a reflex hammer.

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8
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Flaccid, areflexic, symmetrical, and ascending weakness.

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9
Q

What is the diagnostic hallmark of Guillain-Barré syndrome in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Cytological dissociation (increased protein with normal cell count).

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10
Q

What is the treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Plasmapheresis or immunoglobulin; corticosteroids are not used.

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11
Q

What is the definition of multiple sclerosis?

A

An autoimmune, idiopathic, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.

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12
Q

What is the typical demographic affected by multiple sclerosis?

A

Women of childbearing age.

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13
Q

What are the three most common clinical presentations of multiple sclerosis?

A

Optic neuritis
First motor neuron syndrome
Sensory symptoms (e.g., pruritus)

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14
Q

What is the pattern of evolution in multiple sclerosis?

A

Relapsing-remitting form (~85%) and progressive form (15%).

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15
Q

What defines a relapse and remission in multiple sclerosis?

A

Relapse >24 hours; remission >1 month.

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16
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis?

A

Dissemination in time and space.

17
Q

What should be done if there are space lesions but not time lesions in multiple sclerosis?

A

Request CSF analysis for oligoclonal bands of IgG.

18
Q

What is the first-line treatment for relapses in multiple sclerosis?

A

Corticosteroids and/or plasmapheresis.

19
Q

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

A

A degenerative disease affecting the first and second motor neurons.

20
Q

What is the most common age group affected by ALS?

A

Individuals over 50 years.

21
Q

What are the clinical signs of ALS?

A

Progressive weakness, first motor neuron signs (hyperreflexia, Babinski sign, spasticity), and second motor neuron signs (atrophy, fasciculations, cramps).

22
Q

What is the diagnostic approach for ALS?

A

Clinical diagnosis with exclusion of other conditions.

23
Q

What is the first-line treatment for ALS?

A

Riluzole to increase survival by 3-6 months.

24
Q

What is the definition of Parkinson’s disease?

A

A degenerative disease of the substantia nigra affecting motor control.

25
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Decreased dopamine leads to increased acetylcholine activity, inhibiting motor activity.

26
Q

What are the clinical features of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Resting tremor
Bradykinesia
Rigidity
Postural instability

27
Q

What is the first-line treatment for Parkinson’s disease?

A

Levodopa.

28
Q

What defines dementia according to DSM-5?

A

Cognitive function loss with functional impairment across six domains.

29
Q

What are the reversible causes of dementia?

A

Metabolic
Infectious
Structural

30
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Neuronal degeneration with decreased acetylcholine and cortical atrophy, starting with memory loss.

31
Q

What is the treatment for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Anticholinesterase inhibitors.

32
Q

What characterizes vascular dementia?

A

Multiple presentations depending on affected areas and vessels.

33
Q

What defines Lewy body dementia?

A

Dementia with parkinsonism, visual hallucinations, and fluctuating mental state.

34
Q

What are the key features of frontotemporal dementia?

A

Behavioral changes and language impairment.

35
Q

What is normoboric hydrocephalus?

A

Dementia, gait ataxia, and urinary incontinence.

36
Q

What is the treatment for normoboric hydrocephalus?

A

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt.

MA - Clínica Médica (4 decks)

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