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Robyn Flashcards > Neurfo pt3 > Flashcards

Neurfo pt3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three primary vesicles

A
  1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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2
Q

What are the secondary vesicles of the prosencephalon?

A
  1. Telencephalon

2. Diencephalon

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3
Q

What does the telencephalon mature into?

A

cerebral hemisphere, lateral ventricles

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4
Q

What does the diencephalon mature into?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, third ventricle

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5
Q

What is the secondary vesicle of the mesencephalon ??

A

Mesencephalon

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6
Q

What does the mesencephalon mature into?

A

Midbrain- colliculi and cerebral aqueduct

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7
Q

What are the secondary vesicles of the rhombencephalon?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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8
Q

What does the metencephalon mature into?

A

pons, cerebellum, upper fourth ventricle

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9
Q

What does the myelencephalon mature into?

A

medulla oblongata, lower fourth ventricle

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10
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin the sensory nerves supply from a single root of a spinal cord

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11
Q

Name 4 ascending spinal pathways

A
  1. DCML.
  2. Spinothalamic.
  3. Spinocerebellar.
  4. Spinoreticular.
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12
Q

What sensations does the DCML pathway convey?

A

Fine touch, 2-point discrimination and proprioception.

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13
Q

What sensations does the spinothalamic pathway convey?

A
  • Lateral spinothalamic - pain and temperature.

- Anterior spinothalamic - crude touch.

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14
Q

Describe the DCML pathway.

A

Fine sensation is detected by touch or proprioception receptors. Afferent signals are carried along 1st order neurones to the dorsal columns and up to the medulla where they synapse. 2nd order neurones decussate in the medulla and travel up to the thalamus where they synapse. 3rd order neurones then travel through the internal capsule to the somatosensory cortex.

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15
Q

What is in the post central gyrus?

A

The somatosensory cortex

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16
Q

What is in the pre central gyrus?

A

The motor cortex

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17
Q

Which dorsal column would an afferent signal from the lower limb use?

A

The gracile fasciculus (medial part of dorsal column). They then synapse at the gracile nucleus of the medulla.

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18
Q

Which dorsal column would an afferent signal from the upper limb use?

A

The cuneate fasciculus (lateral part of dorsal column). They then synapse at the cuneate nucleus of the medulla.

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19
Q

Describe the spinothalamic pathway.

A

Nociceptors or thermoreceptors detect pain, temperature or crude touch. 1st order neurones carrying these signals enter the spinal cord and ascend 2-3 spinal levels before synapsing in the dorsal horn of grey matter. 2nd order neurones decussate either through the anterior or lateral tracts and then travel up to the thalamus where they synapse. 3rd order neurones travel through the internal capsule to the primary somatosensory cortex.

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20
Q

What sensations is the lateral spinothalamic tract responsible for?

A

Pain and temperature.

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21
Q

What sensation is the anterior spinothalamic tract responsible for?

A

Crude touch.

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22
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellar tracts?

A

They carry unconscious proprioceptive information to the ipsilateral cerebellum.

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23
Q

Do the fibres decussate in the spinocerebellar tracts?

A

No they stay ipsilateral

24
Q

What sensation does the spinoreticular tract convey?

A

Deep/ chronic pain

25
Name 5 descending pathways.
1. Corticospinal. 2. Vestibulospinal. 3. Rubrospinal. 4. Tectospinal. 5. Reticulospinal.
26
Where in the thalamus do the DCML and spinothalamic tracts synapse?
In the ventral posterio-lateral division (VPL) of the nucleus of thalamus.
27
What descending pathways are described as pyramidal?
Corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts - responsible for voluntary control.
28
What descending pathways are described as extrapyramidal?
Vestibulospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal - responsible for involuntary and automatic control of all musculature, such as muscle tone, balance, posture and locomotion.
29
Are there any synapses within the descending pathways?
No. At the termination of the descending tracts, the neurones synapse with a lower motor neurone. (All the neurones within the descending motor system are UMNs).
30
What are the corticospinal tracts responsible for?
The control of voluntary muscles. Anterior - axial muscles. Lateral - limb muscles.
31
Describe the corticospinal tracts.
Originate in the primary motor cortex, descends through corona radiata and internal capsule to the medullary pyramids. 90% decussates here and becomes the lateral corticospinal tract; the remaining 10% forms the anterior corticospinal tract. The anterior tract then decussates through the anterior white commissure. Both tracts terminate in the ventral horn.
32
Describe the corticobulbar tracts.
Originate in the primary motor cortex, descends through corona radiata and internal capsule to the brainstem. The fibres terminate on motor nuclei of cranial nerves. They synapse with LMN's which carry motor signals to the face and neck.
33
Where do the extrapyramidal tracts originate?
The brainstem
34
Where do the vestibulospinal tracts originate and what are they responsible for?
1. Originate from vestibular nucleus. 2. Responsible for muscle tone and postural control. - Remains ipsilateral.
35
Where do the reticulospinal tracts originate and what are they responsible for?
1. Originate from reticular formation. | 2. Responsible for spinal reflexes.
36
Where do the tectospinal tracts originate and what are they responsible for?
1. Originate from tectum nuclei (superior and inferior colliculi). 2. Responsible for head turning in response to visual and auditory stimuli.
37
Where do the rubrospinal tracts originate and what are they responsible for?
1. Originate from red nucleus. 2. Responsible for assisting motor functions. - Contralateral.
38
What tracts are known as the ventrolateral/anterolateral system?
Spinothalamic tracts.
39
Damage to the anterolateral system will present with what symptoms?
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation.
40
What tracts are known as the dorsomedial system?
DCML.
41
What would be the signs of a complete spinal cord lesion?
- Weakness in all muscle groups below the lesion. - Complete sensory loss below lesion. - Spasticity and hyperreflexia.
42
What are the pluripotent stem cells that lie within the neural folds?
Neural crest cells.
43
What do neural crest cells develop into?
Schwann cells, pigment cells, adrenal medulla, dorsal root ganglia, Cn 5, 7, 9 and 10.
44
How is the neural tube formed?
Notochord in mesoderm signals the ectoderm to form a thickened neural plate. Mitosis forms a neural groove. There are neural folds either side of the groove. These fuse at the midline forming the neural tube.
45
When should the neural tube fuse?
By the end of the 4th week.
46
What vitamins are needed to ensure the neural tube fuses.
B9 (folic acid) and B12.
47
Approximately how much CSF do we have?
120ml
48
What is hydrocephalus?
An accumulation of CSF in the ventricular system. Often due to a blockage in the cerebral aqueduct.
49
Define axonal transmission.
Transmitting information from A to B.
50
Define synaptic transmission.
Integration/processing of information.
51
What are the 5 fundamental processes of neurotransmission?
1. Manufacture. 2. Storage. 3. Release. 4. Interaction with post-synaptic receptor. 5. Inactivation.
52
Give 2 examples of fast neurotransmitters. Do fast neurotransmitters have short or long lasting effects?
- Ach, GABA. | - Short lasting effects.
53
Give 3 examples of neuromodulators. Do neuromodulators have short or long lasting effects?
- Dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline. | - Long lasting effects.
54
What is an endorphin?
A peptide with opiate like effects. They inhibit the release of substance P.
55
How long does the refractory period last?
5-10ms.
56
What is the relative refractory period?
It follows the absolute refractory period and is a time during which a 2nd stimulus that is stronger than the first is needed to produce another AP.
57
What are the 2 components of a refractory period?
The absolute refractory period which is followed by the relative refractory period.

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