Neural underpinnings

Question 1

What is the origin of the LMN?

Answer 1

Brainstem and spinal cord

Question 2

What is the origin of the UMN?

Answer 2

Cerebral cortex
Direct and indirect pathways

Question 3

What is the destination and function of the UMN direct activation pathway?

Answer 3

• Destination: Cranial and spinal nerve
  nuclei
• Function: Direct voluntary, skilled
  movements

Question 4

Speech is dynamic, what 4 things do we need?

Answer 4

• Coordination
• Respiration
• Resonance
• Articulation

Question 5

8 levels of the motor speech system

Answer 5

• Conceptual level
• Planning level
• motor planning level
• motor control circuits
• direct motor pathway
• indirect motor pathway
• final common pathway
  -sensory sytem

Question 6

Motor speech system levels: Conceptual level

Answer 6

• ideas
• thoughts
• feelings
  Prefrontal cortex and limbic system

Question 7

Motor speech system levels: Planning level

Answer 7

• Linguistic
• Motor planning

Question 8

Linguistic planning level includes…

Answer 8

• Non motor
• Encoded
  Persiylvian region (dominant language hemisphere_

Question 9

Why do we need motor plans?

Answer 9

• Blueprints for actualizing phoneme
• Motor plans are needed for motor program to work
• premotor cortex
• Brodmann’s area
• Supplementary motor area

Question 10

How many motor circuits are important for speech?

Answer 10

• two
• BG and cerebellum
• coordination, integration, refine movement of direct and indirect pathways, fine tunes, run smoothly, more efficient

Question 11

What are the bony boundaries?

Answer 11

The skull and spinal column
- The brain is housed in the skull and spinal cord within the spinal column

Question 12

Basal Ganglia is a collection of what?

Answer 12

• Caudate nucleus
• Putamen
• Globus pallidus
• Substantia nigra
• subthalamic nucleus
• Central to the indirect pathway-extrapyramidal system
• Forms afferent and efferent loops connecting

Question 13

What does the cerebellar circuit do?

Answer 13

• Received signals from primary motor strip (unrefined signal)
• Coordinates skilled sequential voluntary muscle activity
• Afferent and efferent tacts run to and from it

Question 14

What is the direct motor pathway and what tracts does it include?

Answer 14

• Pyramidal system
• Two motor pathways
• lateral corticospinal tract
• lateral corticobulbar tract

Question 15

What does Cortico mean?

Answer 15

Cerebral cortex

Question 16

What does bulbar mean?

Answer 16

Brain stem

Question 17

What does the corticobulbar tract do?

Answer 17

• Controls muscles o the face and neck including those for speech and swelling
• synapses with CN’s instead of spina nerves

Question 18

What is the pyramidal system and what does the pyramidal system do?

Answer 18

• Voluntary motor system
• Controls gross motor movements
• controls actions we consciously make (unrefined)
• System is direct
• Begins primary motor cortex, homunculus motor fibers for each area
• Pyramidal tracts travel to brainstem, decussate to other side at medulla (contralateral innervation)

Question 19

What is the indirect motor system and what does it do?

Answer 19

• Extrapyramidal system
• Controls involuntary movements
• Involved in posture, muscle tone, reflexes, coordination and modulation of movement