Neural tissue Flashcards by J K

Cell types found in Neural tissue

neurons (form parenchyma) and glial cells (form stroma)

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Neurons
(S, F, L)

Structure: structural and function unit of the nervous system. Diverse in shape and size

Function: sense and respond to stimuli and initiate movements

Location: throughout the body

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Perikaryon
(S, F, L)

Structure: biggest portion of the neuron

Function: production of neurotransmitters, maintenance of neuron structural integrity

Location: depends on the type of neuron: one end of multipolar neuron, midportion of bipolar neron, varying areas in unipolar neuron

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Neuron nucleus
(S, F, L)

Structure: large, round euchromatic, distinct nucleolus

Function: regulation and transcription and neuron function

Location: central portion of the cell body

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Nissl bodies
(S, F, L)

Structure: stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), observed as basophilic roots in cytoplasm

Function: translation, neurotransmitter production

Location: throuhgout the cell body

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Axon hillock
(S, F, L)

Structure: trianglular, pale-staining area on the cell body

Function: origination of the axon and near where the summation of impulses occurs to generate action potential

Location: one pole of the cell body

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Axon
(S, F, L)

Structure: single, often very long cellular projection from the cell body; pale staining

Function: transduction of action potential from the cell body to another neuron or to an effector cell, transport of vesicles and organelles between cell body and axon terminals

Location: long, single projection from the cell body

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Initial segment of axon
(S, F, L)

Structure: the first portion out of the axon hillock

Function: action potential generation

Location: between the axon hillock and the first myelin sheath

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Myelin sheath
(S, F, L)

Structure: clear staining glial cells (oligodendrocytes in CNS; schwann cells in PNS), wrapping around axon at regular intervals

Function: axon insulation to ensure quicker transmission of axon potential

Location: throuhgout the length of the myelinated axons

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Nodes of Ranvier
(S, F, L)

Structure: unmyelinated segments of axon between myelin sheaths

Function: action potential propagation

Location: in between two myelin sheaths

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Axon terminals (boutons)
(S, F, L)

Structure: branched, dilated ends of an axon

Function: storage of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles, release and reuptake of neurotransmitters into and from synaptic cleft

Location: ends of the axon, forming synapses with other neuron effector cells/organs

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Multipolar neuron
(S, F, L)

Structure: large cell body, many dendrites, a single axon

Function: relay motor information or form a part of an integrating network with other neurons

Location: numerous found throughout neural tissue

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Bipolar neuron
(S, F, L)

Structure: only two cellular processes from a fusiform cell body, one dendrite and one axon

Function: relay special sensory information to the CNS

Location: rare, found in special sensory organs such as retina and inner ear

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Unipolar (pseudounipolar) neuron
(S, F, L)

Structure: a spherical cell body that has a single cellular process that immediately brances into two long processes, one travelling to the CNS and the other to the periphery

Function: relay sensory information from the periphery to the CNS

Location: numerous found throughout neural tissue. Collections of unipolar neuron cell bodies are found in spinal ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia

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Glial cells
(S, F, L)

Structure: group of non-conducting cells that together function as the supporting component of the neural tissue

Function: physical support, insulation of the neurons an synapti clefts; repair of injured neurons, and aid in metabolic exchange

Location: found throughout the PNS and CNS

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Astrocytes
(S, F, L)

Structure: highly branches, indistinct cell boundaries, small rounded nuclei with mxiture of heterochromatin and euchromatin “salt and pepper” pattern or pepperoni pizza.

Function: providing physical support, participating in blood brain barrier through end feet, taking part in metabolic exchange between neurons and vasculature

Location: Only in CNS; most numerous glial cells in CNS; Protoplasmic astrocytes in gray matter; fibrous astrocytes in white matter

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Oligodendrocytes
(S, F, L)

Structure: indistinct cell boundaries, smallest round heterochromatic, punctate nuclei

Function: myelinating axons of the CNS; single cell can myelinate more than one axon

Location: only in CNS

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Microglia
(S, F, L)

Structure: indistinct cell boundaries; elongated heterochromatic nuclei

Function: mediating neuroimmune reactions; phagocytossis of pathogens and cell debris

Location: only in CNS

Ependymal cells
(S, F, L)

Structure: cuboidal, clear cytoplasm, rounded nuclei, form simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: line the ventricles (including the choroid plexus), central canal of CNS, produce CSF

Location: only in the CNS, lining of the ventricles, choroid plexus and lining og the central canal

Schwann cells
(S, F, L)

Structure: each wrap around a single segement of an axon, oval to elongated nuclei in the cell periphery

Function: myelinating axons in the PNS

Location: only in the PNS

Satellite cells
(S, F, L)

Structure: indistinct cell boundaries, round small condensed nuclei

Function: supporting neuronal structures in the PNS

Location: only in the PNS, surrounding neuronal cell bodies in the ganglia

Meninges
(S, F, L)

Structure: three layers of membranes (dura, arachnoid, pia) that cover the CNS

Function: protect, anchor, and cushion brain and spinal cord

Location: surrounding brain and spinal cord

Dura mater
(S, F, L)

Structure: dense connective tissue

Function: protecting and anchoring the brain and spinal cord

Location: outermost covering

Epidural space
(S, F, L)

Structure: potential space above dura

Function: potential space, normally closed off in the skull and filled with fatty tissue in the vertebral column

Location: between dura mater and skull in the head: between dura mater and vertebrae in the vertebral column

Subdural space (S, F, L)

Structure: potential space below dura Function: potential space, normally closed off Location: between dura and arachnoid mater

Arachnoid mater (S, F, L)

Structure: delicate sheet of loose connective tissue Function: providiing nutritional support and limited protection Location: deep to and in contact with the inside of the dura mater

Arachnoid trabeculae (S, F, L)

Structure: web-like extensions of arachnoid mater Function: providing limited structural support to the subarachnoid space and vasculature Location: subarachnoid space

Subarachnoid space (S, F, L)

Structure: actual space filled with CSF Function: providing cushioning mechanism and vascular supply for brain and spinal cord Location: between arachnoid and pia mater

Pia mater (S, F, L)

Structure: delicate and thin sheet of connective tissue Function: lining outermost layer of the CNS Location: outermost layer of the brain and spinal cord

Motor neurons

Multipolar neurons that synapse with muscle cells to trigger contraction

Sensory neurons

Most are unipolar enurons that carry sensory input from the periphery to the CNS. Cell bodies of the unipolar nerons are accumulated in varous ganglia throughout the body. Special sensory neurons of the retina and inner ear are bipolar neurons.

Interneurons

Multipolar neurons that integrate input from other neurons and relay the overal signal onto the next neuron

Cerebellar cortex (S, F, L)

Structure: grat matter composed of three distinct layers of neuronal cell bodies Function: site of synapse and integration of chemical signals and regulation of coordinated body movments and balnce Location: outer, highly convoluted layer of the cerebellum

Molecular layer of cerebellum (S and L)

Structure: relatively small neuronal cell bodies evenly distributed among glia Location: Outermost layer, immediately below pia mater

Purkinje cell layer of cerebellum (S and L)

Structure: single layer of large pyramidal, multipolar neurons Location: between molecular and granular layer

Granular layer of cerebellum (S and L)

Structure: densely distributed, smalles neuronal cell bodies Location: deepest laer of the cerebellar cortex

Cerebellar medulla (S, F, L)

Structure: mostly myelinated axons that form a thin, banched pattern of white matter (arbor vitae) Function: conduction of neural impuse throughout axon fibers Location: deep to cerebllar cortex

Cortex vs. Medulla of Brain

Cortex - gray matter with abundant cell bodies; outer layer of the brain Medulla - white matter with abudant axons (mostly myelinated); inner layer of the brain

Tracts (S, F, L)

Structure: regions within the medulla where white matter makes striations distinct lines as a collection of axons travel together Function: house bundles of axons and associated glia Location: throughout the medula: corpus callosum, internal capsule, etc

Cortex vs. Medulla of Spinal Cord

Cortex - white matter; axon bundles and glia forming tracts Medulla - butterfly shaped gray matter, neuronal cell bodies and glia

Ventral Horn (S, F, L)

Structure: anterior swelling of medulla containing cell bodies and motor neurons and glia Function: neural integration, inhibition or propagation of action potential that results in muscle contraction Location: anterior arms of the medulla

Dorsal Horn (S, F, L)

Structure: cell bodies of interneurons; efferent axons of the sensory neurons and glia Function: sensory neural integration; inhibition or propagation of action potential Location: posterior arms of the medulla

Central canal (S, F, L)

Structure: narrow tubule in the spinal cord lined with ependymal cells and filled with CSF Function: contain small amount of CNS Location: center of the medulla in spinal cord