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Psychopathology > Neural Substrates & Neurochemistry > Flashcards

Neural Substrates & Neurochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what part of brain creates order and wakefulness (arousal)?

A

Reticular Activating System

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2
Q

What structure of brain is in charge of alertness and threat assessment (arousal)?

A

Amygdala–basolateral nucleus

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3
Q

What structure of brain is in charge of filtering out background noise (selective attention)?

A

brainstem nuclei

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4
Q

What structure of brain is in charge of shifting attention (selective attention)?

A

hippocampus

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5
Q

What structure of brain is in charge of goal directed behavior (selective attention)?

A

prefrontal cortex

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6
Q

pathway for unconditioned fear

NT’s involved?

A

cortex -> amygdala central nucleus*** -> hypothalamus -> PAG -> locus coeruleus -> ANS, NE

NE and 5HT

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7
Q

pathway for conditioned fear

NT’s involved?

A

cortex -> amygdala-basolateral nucleus -> amygdala-central nucleus -> hypothalamus -> ANS

GLUTAMATE (NMDA)**, NE, 5HT

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8
Q

which structure of brain is firing more when seeking?

A

lateral hypothalamus

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9
Q

reward/seeking system: Mesolimbic dopamine pathway (just know structures not order?)

A 
ventral tegmental area
lateral hypothalamus
medial forebrain bundal
frontal cortex
\+ amygdala + nucleus accumbens
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10
Q

key pathway in predatory aggression

note: related to seeking pathway. addiction loop.

A

corticomedial (CM) nucleus of amygdala -> lateral hypothalamus -> ventral tegmental -> back to cortex -> back to amygdala

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11
Q

pathway in affective aggression

A

amygdala-Basolateral nucleus -> MEDIAL hypothalamus -> PAG -> aggression

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12
Q

damage of this structure -> social unresponsiveness, loss of emotional inflection. in monkeys, lose affection and maternal care

A

cingulate gyrus (remember, i love you with all of my cingulate gyrus!)

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13
Q

structures involved in storing long term declarative memory (HEMP)

A

initial memory: diffuse cortical areas

long term potentiation (HEMP): Hippocampus
Medial thalamus = Entorhinal complex + Parahippocampal gyrus

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14
Q

Which 2 brain areas create a critical “bottleneck” in memory processing?

note: Most memory dysfunctions involve abnormalities in these structures

A
  1. Hippocampus

2. medial thalamic structures

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15
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome:

a. what do you have trouble with?
b. lack of which NT?
c. due to deficiency of what?
d. which 2 structures are damaged?

A

a. making new declarative memories
b. ACh
c. thiamin (B1)
d. mamillary bodies, dorsomedial thalamus

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16
Q

brain structure damaged in Dementia/Alzheimer’s.

NT?

A

basal nucleus of Meynert

ACh

17
Q

how does stimulating entorhinal complex form memories/long term potentiation? (hint: involves NMDA)

A

Stimulate entorhinal -> stimulates hippocampal NMDA receptors -> increase Ca2+ receptors -> activate ca dependent PKA’s -> change gene expression -> increased proteins and synapses

18
Q

2 ways that amygdala can modify memory and any NT systems involved:

A
  1. part of conditioned fear pathway

2. increased memory strength by epi, NE, glucocorticoids

19
Q

what is the tuberoinfundibular pathway?

A

hypothalamus -> releases dopamine -> pituitary -> prolactin release inhibited

20
Q

what is Mesolimbic/ Mesocortical pathway?

A

ventral tegmental area -> dopamine to limbic and cortical sites -> modifies behavior and emotions

21
Q
  1. dopamine turns into NE by _____________
  2. MAO on dopamine -> a)_______ then COMT -> b)_______
  3. COMT on dopamine -> a)______ then MAO -> b)________
A
  1. dopamine beta hydroxylase
  2. a) Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPA)
    b) Homovanillic acid (HVA)
  3. a) 3-methoxytyramine
    b) HVA
22
Q

Where do D1 receptors predominate?

Where do D2 receptors predominate?

A

D1: areas related to behavior = frontal cortex and limbic sites

D2: areas for mvt = striatum

23
Q

how is 5HT mainly controlled/deactivated?

A

reuptake

24
Q

primary metabolite of 5HT

A

5HIAA = 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid

25
Q

2 main pathways of ACh and what happens if they’re damaged

A
  1. Basal forebrain: basal nucleus of Meynert and co. -> cortex and hippocampus
    damage = Alzheimer’s
    .
  2. local circuits in basal ganglia
    important for modulating motor movements. opposes striatal effects of dopamine
26
Q

which subtype of cholinergic receptors are targed by psychiatric drugs?

A

peripheral and central muscarinic

27
Q

What other substrates besides GABA bind to its Chloride channel (GABA-A)? (BBAN)
note: withdrawal from these can kill you

A

Barbiturates (CNS depressants)
Benzodiazepine
Alcohol
Neurosteroids

28
Q

2 main pathways of GABA

A
  1. Cortex and limbic system -> emotion and cognition

2. basal ganglia -> Huntington’s disease

29
Q

most abundant inhibitory NT?

A

GABA

30
Q

most abundant excitatory NT?

A

Glutamate

31
Q

what receptor and channel does PCP (phencyclidine) act on and what 2 conditions is it used to treat?

A

schizophrenia and psychosis. inhibits NMDA receptor which is linked to calcium channel

32
Q

too much glutamate has what effect on neurons? what situation does this occur in?

A

in cerebral ischemia. it kills neurons :(

33
Q

which 2 places of brain is glutamate especially plentiful?

A

pyramidal cells of cortex

hippocampus

34
Q

glutamate is involved in long projection tracts that function to do what?

A

cortical neurons project to subcortical structures to modulate their activity

35
Q

neuropeptide transmitters exist in the brain in concentrations ______ times less than monoamine NTs.

A

10-100 times

36
Q

is neuropeptide transmitters fast or slow compared to other NTs and why?

A

sluggish.

b/c dependent on protein synthesis rather than rapid enzymatic rxns

37
Q

how do CNS peptides modulate stuff? 3 ways.

A

they are released with the other main NTs. they can alter:

  1. rate of production of main NTs
  2. amount of NTs released by stimulus
  3. response of target cells to the NTs
38
Q

what part of brain especially rich in peptides?

A

limbic areas

Psychopathology (5 decks)

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