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LMP320 > Neural stem cells (Dr. Yuzwa session > Flashcards

Neural stem cells (Dr. Yuzwa session Flashcards

1
Q

What is unipotent stem cells?

A

only produces one cell type, like germline stem cells making sperms

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2
Q

When does stem cells transition from pluripotent to multipotent?

A

once organogenesis occur (around E8.5)

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3
Q

Order the amount of cell types that stem cells can differentiate (the most to the least)

A

Totipotent > pluripotent > multipotent > unipotent or precursor cells

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4
Q

What can pluirpotent stem cells produce？

A

all cells of animal except embryonic tissue

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5
Q

What cells can totipotent cells produce?

A

all cells, including extra embryonic tissues like placenta, umbilical cord

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6
Q

How are stem cells restricted to certain cell fates?

A

with epigenetic marks
–> once marked, transcription factor cannot bind so these genes are silenced

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7
Q

Relationship between cell division and differentiation

A

more differentiated –> less likely to divide

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8
Q

How can stem cells divide?

A

a) symmetric self-renewal
–> two copies of stem cells
b) asymmetric self-renewal
–> 1 stem cell + 1 differentiated cell
c) symmetric differentiation
–> 2 identical differentiated cells

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9
Q

What are embryonic stem cells made of?

A

pluripotent stem cells removed from embryo and cultured in dish

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10
Q

Yamanaka factors include?

A

Myc, Oct, Sox, Klf

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11
Q

How are iPS generated?

A

intro four yamanaka factors into adult cells
–> programmed into a stem cell state

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12
Q

How can you describe adult stem cells in terms of potency?

A

multipotent

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13
Q

types of stem cells present in adults

A

i) epidermal stem cells
ii) hematopoietic stem cells
iii) Mesenchymal stem cells
iv) neural stem cells
v) intestinal stem cells

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14
Q

where is mesenchymal stem cells found?

A

bone marrow

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15
Q

what does mesenchymal stem cells make?

A

fat, cartilage and bond cells

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16
Q

types of stem cell transplantation

A

i) autologous (use their own stem cells)
ii) allogenic (related or universal donor after editing)

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17
Q

source of cells for stem cell transplant

A

i) immortalized NSC
ii) primary NSC
iii) iPSC derived
iv) ESC derived

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18
Q

how does endogenous recruitment work?

A

activate adult stem cells within us after injury/disease to replace lost cells

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19
Q

issues with stem cell recruitment?

A

i) respond isn’t robust or long lasting
ii) new cells have poor survival
iii) not sure how to specify the production of one cell type
iv) lack understanding in signals to recruit or activate NSC

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20
Q

Pros of stem cell tourism

A

i) individuals hv terminal diseases
ii) often feel like ther’s no option
iii)media reporting miracle response
iv) lots of potential exist for transformative treatment

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21
Q

Con for stem cell tourism

A

i) can make pathology worse
ii) erode public trust
iii) therapy not tested in clinical trial
iv) massive cost
v) poor regulation

22
Q

Difference between neocortex structure of mice and human

A

i) higher percentage in mass of brain of human compared to mice
ii) mice lack folding (lissencephalic), human has lots of folding (gyrencephalic)
iii) more neurons present in neocortex of human compared to mice

23
Q

types of neurons present (in terms of function)

A

i) excitatory neurons (glutamatergic)
– release glutamate to excite neurons
ii) inhibitory neurons (GABAergic)
– release GABA to inhibit neurons

24
Q

what does excitatory neurons release?

A

glutamate

25
Q

What does inhibitory neurons release?

A

GABA

26
Q

Function for neocortex

A

higher order cognitive and sensimotor processing

27
Q

Function of corpus callosum

A

axon bundles connecting left and right hemisphere

28
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

voluntary movement

29
Q

hypothalamus function

A

control hormone secretion and other autonomic function

30
Q

thalamus function

A

transmits sensory info to cortex

31
Q

lateral ventricle

A

fluid filled cavities of ventricular system in centre of CNS

32
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

i) ectoderm
ii) mesoderm
iii) endoderm

33
Q

What does ectoderm give rise to?

A

nervous system + skin

34
Q

What does mesoderm give rise to?

A

muscle and skeleton

35
Q

What does endoderm giver rise to?

A

gut, associated organs

36
Q

What does rostral end of neutral tube develop into?

A

brain

37
Q

What does caudal end of neutral tube develop into?

A

spinal cord

38
Q

Sequence of neural tube closure

A

i) hindbrain/cervical
ii) forebrain/midbrain
iii) rostral end of forebrain

39
Q

What happens to forebrain in 5 vesicle stage?

A

telencephalon + diencephalon

40
Q

WHat happens to hindbrain in 5 vesicle stage?

A

develop into myelencephalon, metencephalon

41
Q

What happens to midbrain in 5 vesicle stage?

A

stays the same

42
Q

what flexures are found during neural tube expansion?

A

i) Cephalic flexure
ii) Cervical flexure
iii) pontine flexure

43
Q

Where does cephalic flexure occur?

A

mid and hindbrain

44
Q

Where does cervical flexure occur

A

hindbrain and spinal cord

45
Q

where does pontine flexure occur?

A

metencephalon, myelencephalon

46
Q

anatomy of neocortex in embryo (from bottom to top)

A

i) ventricular zone
ii) subventricular zone
iii) intermediate zone
iv) cortical plate

47
Q

What is found in ventricular zone?

A

radial precursors

48
Q

What is found in sub-ventricular zone?

A

intermediate precursors forming neurons

49
Q

What is found in intermediate zone?

A

new neurons migrate

50
Q

cortical plate what is found

A

final destination for new born neurons

51
Q

What happens after radial progenitors start to form?

A

i) form neurons (startgin E12)
ii) form glial cells (start around E18)

52
Q
A

LMP320 (2 decks)

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