Neural stem cells (Dr. Yuzwa session Flashcards
(52 cards)
What is unipotent stem cells?
only produces one cell type, like germline stem cells making sperms
When does stem cells transition from pluripotent to multipotent?
once organogenesis occur (around E8.5)
Order the amount of cell types that stem cells can differentiate (the most to the least)
Totipotent > pluripotent > multipotent > unipotent or precursor cells
What can pluirpotent stem cells produce？
all cells of animal except embryonic tissue
What cells can totipotent cells produce?
all cells, including extra embryonic tissues like placenta, umbilical cord
How are stem cells restricted to certain cell fates?
with epigenetic marks
–> once marked, transcription factor cannot bind so these genes are silenced
Relationship between cell division and differentiation
more differentiated –> less likely to divide
How can stem cells divide?
a) symmetric self-renewal
–> two copies of stem cells
b) asymmetric self-renewal
–> 1 stem cell + 1 differentiated cell
c) symmetric differentiation
–> 2 identical differentiated cells
What are embryonic stem cells made of?
pluripotent stem cells removed from embryo and cultured in dish
Yamanaka factors include?
Myc, Oct, Sox, Klf
How are iPS generated?
intro four yamanaka factors into adult cells
–> programmed into a stem cell state
How can you describe adult stem cells in terms of potency?
multipotent
types of stem cells present in adults
i) epidermal stem cells
ii) hematopoietic stem cells
iii) Mesenchymal stem cells
iv) neural stem cells
v) intestinal stem cells
where is mesenchymal stem cells found?
bone marrow
what does mesenchymal stem cells make?
fat, cartilage and bond cells
types of stem cell transplantation
i) autologous (use their own stem cells)
ii) allogenic (related or universal donor after editing)
source of cells for stem cell transplant
i) immortalized NSC
ii) primary NSC
iii) iPSC derived
iv) ESC derived
how does endogenous recruitment work?
activate adult stem cells within us after injury/disease to replace lost cells
issues with stem cell recruitment?
i) respond isn’t robust or long lasting
ii) new cells have poor survival
iii) not sure how to specify the production of one cell type
iv) lack understanding in signals to recruit or activate NSC
Pros of stem cell tourism
i) individuals hv terminal diseases
ii) often feel like ther’s no option
iii)media reporting miracle response
iv) lots of potential exist for transformative treatment
Con for stem cell tourism
i) can make pathology worse
ii) erode public trust
iii) therapy not tested in clinical trial
iv) massive cost
v) poor regulation
Difference between neocortex structure of mice and human
i) higher percentage in mass of brain of human compared to mice
ii) mice lack folding (lissencephalic), human has lots of folding (gyrencephalic)
iii) more neurons present in neocortex of human compared to mice
types of neurons present (in terms of function)
i) excitatory neurons (glutamatergic)
– release glutamate to excite neurons
ii) inhibitory neurons (GABAergic)
– release GABA to inhibit neurons
what does excitatory neurons release?
glutamate
