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Neuro > Neural Development > Flashcards

Neural Development Flashcards

1
Q

In what week of development does neurulation begin?

A

3

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2
Q

What induces formation of the nervous system?

A

Notochord

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3
Q

The notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to differentiate into _______ and form the _______?

A

Neuroectoderm

Neural plate

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4
Q

By the end of the third week, neural folds grow over midline and fuse to form the ____.

A

Neural tube

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5
Q

The neural plate gives rise to the _____ and _____.

A 
neural tube (--> CNS neurons)
neural crest cells (---> PNS neurons)
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6
Q

What cells come from neuroectoderm?

A

CNS neurons
ependymal cells
oligodendroglia
astrocytes

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7
Q

What cells come from neural crest?

A

PNS neurons

Schwann cells

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8
Q

What cells come from mesoderm?

A

Microglia, like Macrophages, originate from Mesoderm

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9
Q

What does the neural tube give rise to?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
lower motor neurons
preganglionic neurons

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10
Q 
The brainstem and spinal cord have two plates.
What are they?
What are their functions?
What is their orientation?
By what are they separated?
A

Alar plate = sensory = dorsal/posterior
Basal plate = motor = ventral/anterior
(SAME ORIENTATION IN SPINAL CORD)
sulcus limitans

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11
Q

Neural tube –> X primary vesicles –> Y primary vesicles

A

3

5

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12
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 total

8 cervical
12 thoracic
7 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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13
Q

Forebrain –>

A

Forebrain –> Telencephalon + Diencephalon

Telecephalon -> Cerebral hemispheres + lateral ventricles

Diencephalon –> thalamus + third ventricle

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14
Q

Telecephalon –> ?

Diencephalon –> ?

A

Telecephalon –> Cerebral hemispheres + most of basal ganglia + lateral ventricles

Diencephalon –> thalamus + hypthalamus + STN + pineal gland + third ventricle

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15
Q

Midbrain –> mesencephalon –>

A

Midbrain + cerebral aqueduct

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16
Q

Hindbrain –>

A

Metencephalon + Myelencephalon

Metencephalon –> Pons + upper part of 4th ventricle + cerebellum

Myelencephalon –> Medulla + lower part of 4th ventricle

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17
Q

Metencephalon –> ?

Myelencephalon –> ?

A

Metencephalon –> Pons + upper part of 4th ventricle + cerebellum

Myelencephalon –> Medulla + lower part of 4th ventricle

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18
Q

What does the notochord become in adults?

A

The notochord becomes nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc in adults

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19
Q

What happens if the rostral neurospore fails to close (usu. happens at day 25)?

A

Anencephaly, causing polyhydraminos and increased alpha-veto protein

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20
Q

What happens if the caudal neurospore fails to close (usu. happens at 27D)?

A

Spinal bifida and increased alpha-feto protein

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21
Q

Anencephaly is …

A

A gailure of the anterior neurospore to close; brain does not develop; incompatible w/ life; increased AFP

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22
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Failure of the posterior neurospore to close

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23
Q

What is spina bifida oculta?

A

Mildest form;
vertebrae fail to form around spinal cord;
no increase in AFP;
Asymptomatic

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24
Q

What is spinal bifida with meningocele?

A

Meninges protrude through vertebral defected; increase in AFP

25
Q

What is spin bifida with meningomyelocele

A

Meninges + spinal cord protrude through vertebral defect; increase in AFP

26
Q

What is spina bifida with myelschisis?

A

Most severe; spinal cord can be seen externally

27
Q

What is the mildest and what is the most severe form of spina bifida

A

Spina bifida occulta

Spina beifida with myeloschisissi

28
Q

What is downward displacement of the cerebral tonsils through the foramen magnum?

A

Arnold Chiari Type I (most common and mostly asymptomatic)

29
Q

What do you call downward displacement of cerebellar vermis and medulla through the foramen magnum? What other things would result?

A

Arnold Chiari Type II
4th V compression –> obstr. hydrocephalus
Frequent lumbar meningomyelocele
Frequent association with syringomyelia

30
Q

What is Dandy-Walker malformation?

A

Failure of foramina of Luschka and Magendie to open –> dilation of 4th ventricle; agenesis of cerebellar vermis and splenium of the corpus callosum

31
Q

What is the most common cause of hydrocephalus?

A

Stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct

CSF accumulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space; increased head circumference

32
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

A

Incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres. One ventricle in telencephalon; seen in trisomy 13 (Patau)

33
Q

Which pharyngeal arches give rise to arteries that contribute to the blood vessels in the circle of Willis?

A

Pharyngeal arches 3 and 4

34
Q

What does pharyngeal arch 3 give rise to?

A

The internal carotid bilaterally (–> MCA & ACA)

35
Q

What does pharyngeal arch 4 give rise to?

A

The arch of the aorta and the right subclavian artery (–> vertebral arteries)

36
Q

What doe pharyngeal arch 1 give rise to?

A

maxillary artery

37
Q

What does pharyngeal arch 2 give rise to?

A

stapedial artery

38
Q

What does pharyngeal arch 5 give rise to?

A

Degenerates early in fetal development

39
Q

What does pharyngeal arch 6 give rise to?

A

Pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

40
Q

Which plate gives rise to the dorsal part of the spinal cord and becomes the sensory portion of the cord?

A

Alar

41
Q

Which plate gives rise to the ventral part of the cord and and becomes the motor portion?

A

Basal

42
Q

What gives rise to the spinal cord?

A

The neural tube

43
Q

In which kind of spina bifida do only the meninges project through a defect in the verebral column and form a sac-like structure filled with CSF?

A

Meningocele

44
Q

Which embryonic structure gives rise to the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Midbrain/Mesencephalon

45
Q

Neuroepithelial cells give rise to early neural cells called glioblasts, which give rise to neuroglial cells including …

A

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

46
Q

Name seven cells that derive from the neural crest.

A
  1. Pseudounipolar cells of spinal & cranial ganglia
  2. Autonomic ganglia cells
  3. Schwann cells
  4. Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
  5. Odontoblasts
  6. Melanocytes
  7. Meninges (pia and arachnoid)
47
Q

What derives from pharyngeal pouch 1?

A

Epithelial lining of auditory tube and middle ear cavity

48
Q

What derives from pharyngeal pouch 2?

A

Epithelial lining of crypts of palatine tonsil

49
Q

What derives from pharyngeal pouch 3?

A

Inferior parathyroid gland and thymus

50
Q

What derives from pharyngeal pouch 4?

A

Superior parathyroid gland and ultimobrachial body

51
Q

What is the only postnatal remnant of a pharyngeal groove or cleft?

A

External auditory meatus

52
Q

What do you call it when pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4 fail to differentiate into the parathyroid glands and thymus?

A

DiGeorge sequence

53
Q

What are the symptoms of DiGeorge?

A 
CATCH-22
Cardiac abnormalities
Abnormal facies
Thymic aplasia
Cleft palate 
Hypocalcemia/Hypoparathyroidism
22q11.2
54
Q

The ________ does not develop in a pharyngeal pouch; instead it develops from midline endoderm of the oropharynx and migrates inferiorly along the path of the thyroglossal duct. Neural crest cells migrate into the ultimobranchial body to form parafollicular C cells of the thyroid.

A

Thyroid gland

55
Q

What forms the thyroid gland?

A

The distal end of the thryroglossal duct forms the thyroid gland, while the proximal end normally degenerates.

56
Q

Failure of a part of the duct to degenerate results in a ________, which is generally located in the midline, near the hyoid bone.

A

thryroglossal duct cyst

57
Q

A 7 yo girl presents with a small mass on her anterior neck PE shows a mobile mass on the midline of the neck above the larynx that elevates upon protrusion of the tongue. The mass has most likely developed from a remnant of which embryonic structure?

A

Thryroglossal duct

58
Q

A 9 yo girl presents with headache and neck pain. CT shows herniation of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum by not other structural abnormalities.

A

Arnold-Chiari malformation Type I

Neuro (14 decks)

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