Neural Control 1

Question 1

What causes muscle contractions?

Answer 1

Stimulation by the nervous system - signal from brain or spinal cord to muscles

Question 2

What are the 5 levels of control in the CNS?

Answer 2

1- Cerebral Cortex
2- Basal Ganglia
3- Cerebellum
4- Brain Stem
5- Spinal Cord

Question 3

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 3

Highest level of control.

Interpretation of stimulus.

Question 4

Basal Ganglia

Answer 4

Posture & equilibrium. 
Learned movements (riding a bike, throwing a ball, etc.)

Question 5

Cerebellum

Answer 5

Integrator of sensory information.
Provides feedback relative to motion.
Timing & intensity of muscle activity (movement refinement).

Question 6

Brain Stem

Answer 6

Integrates all CNS activity through excitation & inhibition on/off.
“The control room”

Question 7

Spinal Cord

Answer 7

Pathway between CNS & PNS.
Most specific control.
Integrates various simple & complex spinal reflexes.
Integrates cortical & basal ganglia activity with various classifications of spinal reflexes.
Overall movement and balance controls

Question 8

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 8

Divided into sensory & motor divisions.

Question 9

Sensory/Afferent Nerves

Answer 9

Bring impulses from receptors towards the CNS

Question 10

Motor/Efferent Nerves

Answer 10

Carry impulses away from the CNS

Question 11

Cranial Nerves

Answer 11

12 pairs numbered for the order in which they emerge from anterior to posterior in the brain

Question 12

1) Olfactory Nerve

Answer 12

Sensory
Smell
Identifying familiar odors

Question 13

2) Optic Nerve

Answer 13

Sensory
Sight/vision
Visual acuity

Question 14

3) Oculomotor Nerve

Answer 14

Motor
Inferior oblique muscles of eyeball
Levator of eyelid
Upward, downward, medial gaze & reaction to light

Question 15

4) Trochlear

Answer 15

Superior oblique muscle of eyeball

Downward & lateral gaze

Question 16

5) Trigeminal Nerve

Answer 16

Mixed
Touch/pain
Skin of face and scalp
Muscles of mastication
Corneal and facial sensations

Question 17

6) Abducens Nerves

Answer 17

Motor
Lateral rectus muscle of eyeball
Lateral gaze

Question 18

7) Facial Nerve

Answer 18

Mixed
Taste, touch, pain
Facial muscles
Lateral gaze, expressions, familiar tastes

Question 19

8) Vestibularcochlear/Acoustic Nerve

Answer 19

Sensory
Hearing, balance/equilibrium
Detecting presence of sounds

Question 20

9) Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Answer 20

Mixed
Touch, pain, taste
Muscles of pharynx
Gag reflex, swallowing

Question 21

10) Vagus Nerve

Answer 21

Mixed
Touch, pain
Muscles of palate, pharynx & larynx
Gag reflex, swallowing, speech

Question 22

11) Accessory Nerve

Answer 22

Motor
Shoulder shrugging and head movements
Sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles

Question 23

12) Hypoglossal Nerve

Answer 23

Motor

Tongue and tongue movements

Question 24

Spinal Nerves

Answer 24

31 pairs that pass through openings between the vertebrae on each side
Form different plexuses

Question 25

Cervical Plexus

Answer 25

Cervical Nerves 1-4 | Sensation in upper shoulders to back of head and front of neck

Question 26

Brachial Plexus

Answer 26

Cervical Nerves 5-8 + thoracic nerve 1. | Motor & sensory function to the upper extremity and most of scapula

Question 27

Thoracic Nerves 2-12

Answer 27

Run directly to specific anatomical locations in thorax

Question 28

Lumbosacral Plexus

Answer 28

Lumbar, sacral & coccygeal nerves. | Sensation & motor function to lower trunk, entire lower extremity & perineum (pelvic floor).

Question 29

Dermatome

Answer 29

Defined area of skin supplies by a specific spinal nerve

Question 30

Myotome

Answer 30

Muscle or group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve

Question 31

Dendrites

Answer 31

Branching projections that transmit impulses to neuron & cell body

Question 32

Axon

Answer 32

Elongated projection that transmit impulses away from neuron cell bodies

Question 33

Interneurons

Answer 33

Central or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons