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Cognitive Neuroscience > Neural Basis of Reading > Flashcards

Neural Basis of Reading Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two different types of writing systems?

A

Alphabetic (letters) and logographic (mandarin)

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2
Q

What’s the difference between transparent and opaque orthography

A
  • Transparent: the phonemes have one to one mapping e.g. a ri ga to u
  • Opaque: no strict rules to how you pronounce things: Leicester
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3
Q

What’s the toy model of reading?

A

Detection of visual features -> letter recognition -> visual word recognition -> semantic meaning

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4
Q

What did Hauk et al (2006) find when they looked at a selection of word variables (summarised into four main components) and tried to correlated the amplitude of the ERPs and word variables?

A
  • visual processing time is not strongly affected by word length
  • Word superiority effect: e.g. recognise an obscured word as Carpet even though you see Cappet. This is because of top down processing
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5
Q

What brain area supports the top down processing of visual word recognition?

A

The visual wordform area

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6
Q

In patient Monsieur C which part of his brain was found to be damaged which resulted in difficulty reading?

A

The left fusiform area (occipital temporal area)

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7
Q

What did recent neuroimaging findings see in alexic patients (patients with word blindness)

A

They all have a specific cross area (on the top brain) damaged in the occipital temporal area (left fusiform area)

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8
Q

Are patients with areas damaged around the cross area in the left occipital temporal area alexic?

A

No

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9
Q

What areas are activated when words, non-words or checkerboards were presented to either the left or right hemisfield in the study by Cohen et al?

A
  • Left visual stimuli activates the right visual cortex and vice versa
  • left visual wordform area is activated irrespective of the word being presented on the left or the right
  • Left visual wordform area responds to both words and consonant strings but is activated more strongly with words
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10
Q

What did a study on split brain patients show about whether the visual wordform area is only on the left?

A

In split brain patients when the word is presented on the left hemifield the patient cannot recognise the word because it goes into the right brain and cannot cross through the corpus callosum to get to the left

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11
Q

Why do Price et al ague that the visual wordform area is inaptly named?

A

Because it activates lots of other things

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12
Q

What is the current consensus about the visual wordform area?

A

It is not wordform specific but has heightened sensitivity to visual analysis

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13
Q

What is the simple toy model for reading aloud?

A

Visual word form -> access pronunciation -> read it aloud

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14
Q

In Pure Alexia the symptoms are that the time reading a word is proportional to the length of the word and taking a patient longer to say whether A and a belong to the same category. What damage do they have in their brain?

A

Damage in the left occipital temporal visual area (damage to the visual wordform area)

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15
Q

What is attentional dyslexia and what are it’s symptoms?

A
  • A problem of attention rather than reading.
  • Difficulty in separating constituent letters/ words
  • E.g. difficulty recognising O in BOTTLE or difficulty recognising the word BOTTLE in ‘ I DRANK A BOTTLE OF WATER’ because it is flanked by all the word
  • Letter migration errors: Might read WIN FED instead of FUN FED because they cannot suppress the later F ‘distraction’
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16
Q

What are the symptoms of neglect dyslexia?

A
  • letter substitution errors on one side (contralateral to lesion)
  • e.g. if they have damage to the right side of the brain they might see BLOCLK instead of CLOCK
  • also suffer damage to the parietal lobe - linked to visuo-spatial attention (how you identify low level visual features - particularly letters)
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17
Q

What are peripheral reading difficulties caused by?

A

Difficulties in the visual system not the reading system itself

18
Q

What are central reading difficulties caused by?

A

Pronunciation storage, motor system and semantic system deficits (all cause central dyslexia)

19
Q

What are the symptoms of surface dyslexia

A
  • difficulty reading irregular words
  • problems with phonological knowledge/ lexicon
  • e.g. wouldn’t pronounce ‘pint’ right even though they have learned it before
20
Q

Damage to which area produces surface dyslexia?

A

The phonological lexicon - access pronunciation is in the phonological lexicon

21
Q

What does surface dyslexia show?

A

That there is another system which maps the letters to how you read it outloud: ‘graphene (visual unit) to phoneme *word unit) conversion’

22
Q

What is phonological dyslexia?

A
  • can read regular words and irregular words better than non-words
  • Can’t do mapping of letters to sounds
  • previous knowledge helps retrieve words
  • problems in rhyme judgement
  • But can usually perceive words fine
23
Q

What area of the brain is often damaged in phonological dyslexia and what is this area of the brain involved in?

A

The posterior part of the temporal lobe which is involved in grapheme to phoneme conversion

24
Q

What is deep dyslexia?

A
  • Can read words better than non-words
  • exhibit semantic errors: e.g. say dog instead of cat
  • derivational errors: BEG instead of BEGGAR
  • struggle with abstract words such as truth compared to concrete words such as brick
25
Q

What is deep dyslexia caused by?

A
  • Damage to the semantic system
  • Extensive damage in the temporal lobe (especially the anterior part of the temporal lobe where semantic information is processed)
26
Q

What is the dual route model of reading aloud?

A

There are two routes: the Lexico semantic route or the phonological route.

  • Lexico-semantic route: Visuo-spatial attention -> visual features and letters -> visual word form -> semantic memory -> phonological lexicon -> read it aloud
  • Phonological route: Visuo spatial attention -> visual features and letters -> grapheme to phoneme conversion -> read it aloud
27
Q

What type of dyslexia does left ventral occipital temporal area damage cause?

A

Pure Alexia

28
Q

What type of dyslexia does parietal damage cause and what part of the dual model system does this map onto?

A
  • attentional and neglect dyslexia

- Visuo-spatial attention of the dual model system

29
Q

What type of dyslexia does temporal damage cause and what part of the dual model system does this map onto?

A
  • surface dyslexia

- maps onto phonological lexicon

30
Q

What type of dyslexia does posterior temporal damage cause and what part of the dual model system does this map onto?

A
  • phonological dyslexia

- maps onto grapheme to phoneme conversion

31
Q

What type of dyslexia does damage to the anterior part of the temporal lobe cause and what part of the dual model system does this map onto?

A
  • Deep dyslexia

- maps onto semantic memory

32
Q

What evidence doesn’t support the dual model hypothesis?

A
  • dementia patients with partial damage to both semantic memory and grapheme to phoneme conversion can still read proficiently
33
Q

What is the summation hypothesis?

A

Partial damage to both systems: partial activation from both systems summed together to produce accurate phonological representation

34
Q

If patients have impaired nonword reading which system is damaged?

A

Graphene to phoneme conversion

35
Q

With Pure alexia what type of dyslexia is it, where is the lesion, what are the symptoms and implications?

A
  • Type: Peripheral
  • Lesion: occipito-temporal
  • Symptoms: reading times proportionate to word length; impaired letter identity representation
  • Implications: impaired visual word form processing
36
Q

With attentional dyslexia what type of dyslexia is it, where is the lesion, what are the symptoms and implications?

A
  • Type: Peripheral
  • Lesion: parietal
  • Symptoms: inability to focus while supressing flanking stimuli
  • Implications: impaired attention in visual processing
37
Q

With neglect what type of dyslexia is it, where is the lesion, what are the symptoms and implications?

A
  • Type: peripheral
  • Lesion: parietal
  • Symptoms: neglects one side of the word
  • Implications: impaired attention in visual processing
38
Q

With surface dyslexia what type of dyslexia is it, where is the lesion, what are the symptoms and implications?

A
  • Type: central
  • Lesion: superior temporal
  • Symptoms: can’t read irregular words (pint read as p-i-nt)
  • Implications: impaired phonological lexicon
39
Q

With phonological dyslexia what type of dyslexia is it, where is the lesion, what are the symptoms and implications?

A
  • Type: central
  • Lesion: temporo-parietal
  • Symptoms: can’t read non-words
  • implications: impaired grapheme to phoneme conversion
40
Q

with deep dyslexia what type of dyslexia is it, where is the lesion, what are the symptoms and implications?

A
  • Type: central
  • Lesion: Temporal (extensive)
  • symptoms: semantic errors (Cat -> dog), read concrete words better than abstract words
  • implications: impaired semantic memory

Cognitive Neuroscience (9 decks)

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