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Cognitive Neuroscience > Music and the brain > Flashcards

Music and the brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are properties of music?

A
  • universal: all cultures ever described have some form of music
  • Unique: you don’t need to be human to sing: birds
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2
Q

What does it mean that music is context specific for birds?

A
  • Neural and hormonal change. Only male birds sing to attract a mate or defend territory
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3
Q

What are some theories for what the function of music is?

A
  • Derived from a system for attracting mates (Darwin, 1871)
  • Social cohesion (bringing people together) leading to survival benefits (Huron, 2001)
  • precursor for language (Mithen, 2005)
  • Evolutionary by product of the adaptation for human language
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4
Q

What does the outer ear (pinnae and ear canal) do?

A

Amplifies certain frequencies, important for locating sounds

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5
Q

What does the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes) do?

A

Converts airborne vibrations to liquid borne vibrations

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6
Q

What does the inner ear (including the cochlea) do?

A

Converts liquid borne vibrations to neural impulses

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7
Q

What does the auditory nerve do?

A

Carry the information from the ear to the CNS

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8
Q

How many synapses from the ear to the cortex?

A

4-5

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9
Q

Where does the medial geniculate nucleus project to?

A

The primary auditory cortex (also called ‘core’)

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10
Q

What is the core auditory area surrounded by?

A

the secondary auditory cortex

  • including the belt (primary auditory cortex)
  • parabelt (secondary auditory cortex)
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11
Q

In the pathway where does information go?

A

It ascends in descends

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12
Q

What type of organisation do the auditory nerve and auditory cortex have?

A

Tonotopic organisation (maps certain frequencies to certain parts of the cortex

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13
Q

What gyrus is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Heschl’s gyrus

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14
Q

what is the secondary auditory cortex made up of?

A

Planum polar and planum temporale

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15
Q

What region is sensitive to the spatial properties of sound?

A

The right auditory cortex

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16
Q

Why is music the perfect stimulus to study different cognitive processes?

A

Because it engages many brain functions such as emotion, memory, learning and plasticity, attention and motor control

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17
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex important for?

A

Auditory perceptions and sound analysis

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18
Q

What are the association cortices?

A

Parietal areas and parabout regions

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19
Q

What are the prefrontal cortices important for?

A
  • Expectancy generation, violation and satisfaction

- generates emotional response

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20
Q

What are motor cortices important for in music?

A

Playing an instrument or moving to the beat

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21
Q

What is the cerebellum important for in music?

A
  • Playing an instrument

- generates emotional response

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22
Q

What are the sensory cortices important for in music

A

Sensory feedback from playing an instrument

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23
Q

What is visual perception important for in music?

A

reading music and watching a performance

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24
Q

What generates emotional reactions to music?

A

The prefrontal cortex and cerebellum

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25
What are the subcortical regions of music and what are they important for?
- Amygdala: emotional response to music - Nucleus accumbens: part of the reward system: giving us pleasure from music - Hippocampus: memory of music - brainstem
26
What does the brain organise pitch, rhythm, timbre, tempo, contour, loudness and spatial location into?
Meter, harmony and melody
27
Which scale is present in every culture?
The pentatonic scale
28
When does hearing work?
4-6 months before birth
29
According to McDermott what do infants have a natural preference for?
Consonance
30
According to Trehub et al what do infants easily notice changes to?
Countour
31
What did the study by Perani et al in 2011 show when an fMRI was applied to 1 to 3 day old new-borns while they heard excerpts of Western tonal music and altered versions of the same excerpts?
- Western music: right hemispheric activations in primary and higher order auditory cortex - Atonal music: activations emerged in left inferior frontal cortex and limbic structures - shows a hemispheric specialisation in processing of music - neural architecture underlying music processing in new-borns is sensitive to changes in the tonal key
32
How does musical development work from new-born to 12 years?
- New-born: perceive and remember pitch sequences, perceive beat, sensitivity to contour, preference for consonance - 5,6 yrs: respond to tonal more than atonal music - 7 yrs: sensitive to the rules of harmony - 10 yrs: understand finer aspects of key structure - 12 yrs: develop tastes and recognition of styles
33
What is the Mozart effect?
refers to claims that people perform better on tests of spatial abilities after listening to music composed by Mozart
34
What did Thomson Forde et al find out about the Mozart effect?
That it is an artefact of arousal and mood
35
What is congenital amusia?
- A lifelong disorder characterised by a difficulty in perceiving or making sense of music - need there to be a large difference in tone (almost an octave) in order to be able to perceive it
36
Do amusia's have normal rhythm perception?
yes
37
Are amusiacs better at detecting differences in pitch tones when they are rising or falling?
Rising
38
What is a pitch memory problem test?
- Tone span: how many tones can you remember | - amusiacs perform worse than controls
39
Do amusiacs have a problem telling if a melody is rising or falling?
Yes they can do
40
Do amusics have difficulty with speech?
Yes but only with subtle changes
41
What structural feature in the brain do amusics have?
- thinner white matter density between the right frontal and temporal lobes - increases in grey matter in auditory cortex - may have compromised the development of right fronto-temporal pathway
42
What is the Arcuate fasciculus (AF) pathway?
the pathway that links the superior temporal gyrus with the inferior frontal gyrus
43
Why can auditory information not be transmitted the normal way in amusics?
Because the arcuate fasciculus is impaired
44
Which ECH component is the lack of responsiveness to semitone changes that violate musical keys seen in?
The P600 component
45
Amusics can track quarter tone pitch differences. Where do they show a brain response?
N200: early right-lateralised negative brain response | - But they are unaware!
46
What is the shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis (SSIRH)?
Syntax in language and music share a common set of circuits instantiated in frontal brian regions
47
According to a study by Patel et al what do we see if we compare violations in language and violations in music?
syntactic overlap between music and language: - The woman paid the baker and take the bread home- P 600 (like music) - The woman paid the baker and took the zebra home - N 400 - The response between music and language are highly similar in the vicinity of 600 ms after the onset of the incongruity
48
What is the emotional prosody and protolanguage hypothesis?
Music and language have a common origin - overlapping functions and shared circuitry
49
What was found when 12 amusics made judgements about emotional expressions of spoken phrases?
- amusics were significantly impaired in all emotions - so music and language share mechanisms that trigger emotional resposnes - there is a common evolutionary link between language and music
50
What have Blood and Zatorre shown about music and emotion?
- music can elicit both psychological (mood) and physiological changes - the chills after effect - music induced emotion: the chills effect has been shown to recruit reward motivational circuit: basal forebrain, midbrain, orbitofrontal regions and deactivation in amygdala
51
What has the decrease in amygdala to do with the chill effect shown to be?
The anticipation of the chill rather than the chill itself
52
What are the deep and ancient areas associated with chills?
Nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area
53
What does beat have an important link to in every culture?
Movement
54
What helps people with Parkinson's disease to walk?
Beat
55
What brain structures keep the beat?
Motor structures - bilateral superior temporal gyrus areas activated when keeping a regular beat - dorsal motor areas activated when moving fingers to tap beat - basal ganglia (part of motor circuit) important in time intervals, controlling sequences of movement
56
What is vocal learning?
learning to produce and imitate complex sound patterns based on what you hear - arbitrary sound sequence mapping. Important for keeping the beat
57
Why do we move to the beat?
It's the basal ganglia's evolutionary modification to beat perception - as the basal ganglia is involved in motor control
58
With musical training what do we see an overlap of?
Auditory and motor systems which interact both during perception and production
59
When comparing musicians to non-musicians in a passive (music) listening task what did Ohinishi et al find?
That musicians had a lateral left prefrontal cortex
60
What are the differences in terms of brain areas between musicians and non-musicians?
- differences are in the planum temporale and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (especially on the left side) - differences are in or near speech production and comprehension regions - left lateralisation for music - left posterior temporal gyrus (in or near Wernicke's) - left lateral frontal cortex (in or near Broca's)

Cognitive Neuroscience (9 decks)

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