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COM1006 > Networks > Flashcards

Networks Flashcards

1
Q

What is a network?

A

A connection of two or more devices that allow the interchange of data

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2
Q

What are advantages of a network?

A
  • Data can be shared
  • Devices can communicate with each other
  • Only authorised user can use facilities of the network
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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of a network?

A
  • Data can be stolen
  • Privacy can be leaked
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4
Q

What are the 5 components of a data communications system?

A
  • Sender
  • Receiver
  • Message
  • Transmission medium
  • Protocol
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5
Q

What is a simplex?

A

A network where communication is unidirectional

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6
Q

What is a half-duplex?

A

Each device can both transmit and receive data but not at the same time

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7
Q

What is a full-duplex?

A

Both devices can transmit and receive data at the same time

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8
Q

What is a point to point connection?

A

There is one dedicated link between two devices

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9
Q

What is a multipoint connection?

A

There are more than two devices connected together

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10
Q

What is network topology?

A

Defines the way in which a network is laid out physically

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11
Q

Advantages of bus topology?

A
  • Simple
  • Uses less cables
  • Inexpensive
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12
Q

Disadvantages of bus topology?

A
  • Provides slow data transfer speeds
  • Single fault can bring entire network down
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13
Q

Advantages of ring topolgy?

A
  • Easy to troubleshoot
  • No collisions
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14
Q

Disadvantages of ring topology?

A
  • Uses more cables
  • Single break can bring the entire network down
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15
Q

Advantages of star topology?

A
  • Provides higher data transfer speeds
  • Troubleshooting is relatively easy
  • A fault in a cable does not brig the entire network down
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16
Q

Disadvantages of star topology?

A
  • If the central switch fails, entire network fails
  • Higher installation cost
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17
Q

Advantages of mesh topology?

A
  • Provides higher reliability
  • Provides multiple roots for data transfer
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18
Q

Disadvantages of mesh topology?

A
  • Uses more cables
  • Very high installation cost
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19
Q

What is a MANs network?

A

Metropolitan Area Network

Provides connectivity over area such as a city or a uni campus

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20
Q

What is the internet?

A

A network of networks

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21
Q

What are the benefits of layering?

A
  • Provide well-defined interfaces between adjacent layers
  • A change in one layer does not affect the other layers
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22
Q

What are the layers of the OSI model?

A
  • Application
  • Presentation
  • Session
  • Transport
  • Network
  • Data Link
  • Physical
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23
Q

What is the physical layer (OSI) ?

A

Responsible for the movement of individual bits from one hop to the next

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24
Q

What is the data link layer (OSI) ?

A

Responsible for moving frames from one hop to the next

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25
Q

What is the network layer (OSI) ?

A

Responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host

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26
Q

What is the transport layer (OSI) ?

A

Responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another

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27
Q

What is the session layer (OSI) ?

A

Responsible for dialogue control and synchronization

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28
Q

What is the presentation layer (OSI) ?

A

Responsible for translation, compression and encryption

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29
Q

What is the application layer (OSI) ?

A

Responsible for providing services to the user

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30
Q

What are the layers of the TCP/IP ?

A
  • Application
  • Transport
  • Network
  • Data Link
  • Physical
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31
Q

What are the 4 types of addressing?

A
  • Physical (Data link + physical)
  • Logical (Network)
  • Port (Transport)
  • Specific (Application)
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32
Q

What is circuit switching?

A

A dedicated communication path is required between two stations

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33
Q

What are the three steps required for communication?

A
  • Connection establishment
  • Data transfer
  • Connection termination
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34
Q

What are the drawbacks of circuit swithching?

A
  • Channel capacity gets dedicated during entire duration of communication
  • Inefficient for inconsistent traffic
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35
Q

What is packet switching?

A

Data is broken up into packets which then travel along the network (different routes)

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36
Q

What is virtual circuit approach?

A

A route is established before packet transmission starts
- All packets follow the same path

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37
Q

What is a VCI?

A

Virtual Circuit Identifier

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38
Q

What are the three steps to setup a VCI?

A
  • Setup request
  • Setup acknowledgement
  • Teardown
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39
Q

What is the datagram approach?

A
  • No route established beforehand
  • Each packet is transmitted as an individual entity
  • Does not maintain a history
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40
Q

How does the datagram approach work?

A

Every intermediate node must take routing decisions dynamically

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41
Q

What are some advantages of the datagram approacH?

A
  • Faster than virtual circuit for a small amount of packets
  • More flexible
  • Can handle congestion / failed link
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42
Q

What is the definition of bandwidth?

A

The number of bits per unit time that can be transmitted

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43
Q

What is a heterogeneous network made up of?

A

3 WANS and 2 LANS

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44
Q

What is a passive hub?

A

It connects the wires coming from different branches

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45
Q

What is a repeater?

A

Receives a signal and before it becomes too weak, it regenerates the original bit pattern

46
Q

What is a bridge?

A

Used to divide LAN into smaller LAN segments or connect LANS together

47
Q

What is filtering? (bridges)

A

The bridge decides if a frame should be forwarded to another interface that leads to the destination or be dropped

48
Q

What causes a frame to be dropped? (bridges)

A
  • If the source and destination address are on the same port
49
Q

What causes a frame to be forwarded? (bridges)

A

If the source and destination are on different ports and the destination address is present in the table

50
Q

What is a router?

A

Connects LANs and WANs on the internet and maintains a routing table

51
Q

What is a gateway?

A

Can be used to implement firewalls

52
Q

What is a backbone network?

A

Allows several LANs to be connected, no station is directly connected to the backbone

53
Q

What does IP do? (Protocol suite)

A

Transports packets from source to destination

54
Q

What does TCP do? (Protocol suite)

A

Provides a connection-oriented reliable service for sending messages

55
Q

What must happen do the connection in TCP

A

It must be maintained during the entire time that communication is taking place

56
Q

What does UDP do? (Protocol suite)

A

Provides a connectionless unreliable service for sending packets

57
Q

What does Ver mean?
(IP header feilds)

A

Version of protocol used

58
Q

What does HLEN mean? (IP header feilds)

A

Length of header, expressed as the number of 32-bit words

59
Q

What does total length mean? (IP header fields)

A

Length in bytes of the packet including headers

60
Q

What does the service type mean? (IP headers fields)

A

Allows packets to be assigned a priority

OR

Router can use this field to route the packets

61
Q

What does the time to live mean? (IP header fields)

A

Prevents packets from travelling in a loop. Senders set a value, if it reaches 0 the packet is discarded

62
Q

What does the identification mean? (IP header fields)

A

Used for handling fragmentation

63
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

If a packet size exceeds a certain maximum value, it is split into two or more small packets

64
Q

What is transparent fragmentation?

A

Subsequent networks are not even known that fragmentation has occurred.

The network responsible for fragmentation is also responsible for re-assembling

65
Q

What is non-transparent fragmentation?

A

Fragmentation is not transparent to subsequent networks.

The network responsible for fragmentation is not responsible for reassembling the fragments

66
Q

What is the minimum and maximum size of an IP header

A

Minimum size is 20 bytes and maximum size is 60 bytes

67
Q

How is a computer addressed on the internet?

A

It is assigned a network number and a host number

68
Q

What is a mask?

A

It indicates how many bits are used for the network portion of an IP address

69
Q

What are the five defined IP address classes (and give ranges)

A
  • Class A (0-127)
  • Class B (128-191)
  • Class C (192-223)
  • Class D (224 - 239)
  • Class E (240 - 255)
70
Q

What is the IP address of the default network?

A

0.0.0.0

71
Q

What is a drawback of the classful addresses?

A

A large part of the available addresses were wasted

72
Q

What are subnet masks?

A

Create smaller subnets and reduce the number of host addresses per subnet

73
Q

What is VLSM?

A

Variable length subnet mask

  • VLSM removed the class boundary of traditional subnet masks
74
Q

What does a NAT do?

A

Network Address Translation maps a private IP to a public one

75
Q

What does delivery refer to?

A

The way a packet is handled by the underlying networks.

76
Q

What does forwarding refer to?

A

The way a packet is delivered to the next station.

77
Q

What does rooting refer to?

A

The way routing tables are creating to help in forwarding

78
Q

What is direct delivery?

A

The final destination of the packet is a host connected to the same physical network as the deliverer

79
Q

What is indirect delivery?

A

The packet goes from router to router until it reaches its final destination

80
Q

What is the next hop method of forwarding?

A

The rooting table only holds the address of the next hop instead of info about the entire root

81
Q

What is the network specific method of forwarding?

A

We only keep one entry that defines the address of the destination network

82
Q

What is static routing?

A

A manually configured route entered into a table

83
Q

Pros of static routing

A
  • Easy to configure
  • No extra resources needed
  • More secure
84
Q

Cons of static routing

A
  • Network changes require manual reconfiguration
  • Does not scale with large topologies
85
Q

What is dynamic routing?

A

Shares rooting info between routers and updates when topology updates

86
Q

What is an autonomous system?

A

Group of networks and routers under the authority of single admin

87
Q

Routing inside autonomous systems is called…

A

intradomain routing

88
Q

Routing between autonomous systems is called…

A

inter-domain routing

89
Q

What does a router do?

A
  • Finds path
  • Forwards packets
  • Finds alternative path
90
Q

What is address mapping?

A

Mapping a logical address to its physical address

91
Q

What does the Address Resolution Protocol do? (ARP)

A

Accepts a logical address from the IP protocol
Maps the address to the corresponding physical address
Passes it to the data link layer

92
Q

What does Reverse Address Resolution Protocol do? (RARP)

A

Finds the logical address for a machine that knows only its physical address

93
Q

What does Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol do? (DHCP)

A

Allows a host to dynamically obtain its IP address from the network server when it joins

94
Q

What does a DNS do?

A

Given a host name it provides the IP address or vice versa

95
Q

What is a TLD?

A

Top level domain

  • Generic domains such as .com or country domains
  • Managed professionally
96
Q

What is an authoritative dns?

A
  • Provide public record for hosts at an organisation
  • For the organistations server
  • Can be maintained locally or by a service provider
97
Q

What is a recursive query?

A

Ask server to get answer for you

98
Q

What is an iterative query?

A

Ask server who is next to ask

99
Q

How does DNS caching work?

A
  • DNS servers cache responds to queries
  • Responses include a time to live field
  • Server deletes the cached entry after time to live expires
100
Q

Confidentiality meaning?

A

Maintaining the privacy of data

101
Q

Integrity meaning?

A

Detecting that the data is not tampered with

102
Q

Authentication meaning?

A

Establishing proof of identity

103
Q

Nonrepudiation meaning?

A

Ability to prove that the sender actually sent the data

104
Q

Access control meaning?

A

Access to information resources are regulated

105
Q

Availability meaning?

A

Computer assets are available to authorised parties when needed

106
Q

How does asymmetric encryption work?

A

Person A encrypts the message using person B’s pubic key.

Person B decrypts the message with their own private key

107
Q

How can message integrity be accomplished?

A

By using a hash function

108
Q

What can a digital signature provide?

A
  • Message integrity
  • Message authentication
  • Nonrepudiation
109
Q

How does a digital signature work with keys?

A

Person A signs with their private key. Person B verifies with person A’s public key

110
Q

What is IPSec?

A

Collection of protocols to provide security for a packet at the network level

111
Q

What is SSL?

A

Secure Socket Layer

Protocol that runs above TCP/IP and allows users to encrypt data and authenticate servers identity securely

112
Q

What is a MitM attack?

A

When the attacker changes the HTTPS to HTTP so they can now intercept usernames and passwords that the user sends.

COM1006 (2 decks)

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