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COM1006 > Devices > Flashcards

Devices Flashcards

1
Q

What is an analogue system?

A

Analogue systems have values that vary continuously

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2
Q

What are digital systems?

A

Digital systems consist of discrete values (not necessarily two)

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3
Q

Why are digital systems good?

A

As they are much more resistant to noise

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4
Q

What is a bit?

A

A single binary digit

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5
Q

What is a byte?

A

8 binary digits

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6
Q

What is a nibble?

A

4 bits

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7
Q

How to convert from decimal to binary?

A
  1. Successively divide number by 2 and record remainder (1 or 0)
  2. Stop when the result of the division is 0.
  3. The remainders read “backwards” giving binary result
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8
Q

How do you convert binary to decimal?

A
  • Multiply the first non-zero bit by 2 and add the bit to its right
  • Continue with the remaining bits and stop after adding the smallest bit
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9
Q

What is ASCII?

A

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a method for representing characters.

ASCII - 7 bits
Extended ASCII - 8 bits

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10
Q

Why did unicode replace ASCII?

A

Unicode contained more bits to represent more symbols and characters of different languages

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11
Q

What is sign and magnitude?

A

Method of representing negative numbers based off the first bit.

+ - 0
- - 1

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12
Q

What is an issue with sign and magnitude?

A
  • One bit is used to represent the sign
  • First bit is not involved in addition and determines what operation takes place.
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13
Q

How does twos compliment work?

A

The first bit represents negative of the original value

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14
Q

How do you convert a number into its negative using twos complement?

A
  • Write number in binary
  • Invert all the bits
  • Add 1
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15
Q

What is fixed point arithmetic?

A

Where the decimal point stays in the same place of the binary number

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16
Q

What is the structure of an IEEE floating point number?

A

1 bit for the sign
8 bits for the exponent
23 bits for the mantissa

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17
Q

How do you normalise a floating point number to be stored as an IEEE floating point number?

A

Alter the exponent so that the number reads 1. (whatever digits come next)

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

How does floating point arithmetic work?

A
  1. Identify number with smaller exponent
  2. Make the smaller exponent equal to the larger exponent
  3. Add or subtract the mantissas
  4. Normalise if necessary
  5. Truncate or round mantissa
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20
Q

What is commutativity?

A

Order of arguments are not important.
i.e. A AND B = B AND A

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21
Q

What is associativity?

A

Ordering of sub-expressions with the same operator does not matter.

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22
Q

What is distributivity?

A

AND can be distributed over OR and OR can be distributed over AND

i.e. A AND (B OR C) = (A AND B) OR (A AND C)

23
Q

How do you use a Karnaugh map?

A

Group adjacent cells together to simplify a Boolean expression.

24
Q

What is De Morgan’s theorem?

A

NOT( A OR B) = NOT A AND NOT B
NOT( A AND B) = NOT A OR NOT B

25
Q

What is a tri-state buffer?

A
  • Copies input to output when enable input is equal to 1
  • Else it outputs floating val
26
Q

What is a multiplexer?

A

A device that shares multiple inputs and the output is determined by two select bits

27
Q

What is a demultiplexer?

A

Opposite of a multiplexer, the select determines which output copies the input

28
Q

What is a half adder made up of?

A

Sum = A XOR B
Carry = A AND B

29
Q

What is the equation for a full adder?

A

Sum = (A XOR B) XOR Cin
Cout = (A AND B) OR ((A XOR B) AND Cin)

30
Q

What is circuit depth?

A

The number of gates on the longest path of the circuit

31
Q

What is the RS flip flop?

A

A bistable circuit. Two NOR gates interconnected with each other

32
Q

What can the RS flip flop be used for?

A

Data storage

33
Q

What is the structure of a D flip flop? (Values for R and S)

A

R = C AND NOT D
S = C AND D

34
Q

What is the structure of a JK flip flop? (Values for R and S)

A

R = C AND K AND Q
S = C AND J AND Q’

35
Q

What is edge triggring?

A

When the input is valid the output is valid if the clock is at a rising edge.

36
Q

What is a Master-Slave flip flop?

A

When two RS flip flops are connected together and one is connected with the clock and another with the inverted clock

37
Q

What is the Harvard architecture?

A

Harvard architecture has separate storage locations for data and instructions. And a different set of busses for data and instruction

38
Q

What is the Von Neuman architecture?

A

Instruction and data are placed in the same memory location

39
Q

What are the steps of the FDE cycle?

A
  • Instruction fetch
  • Instruction decode
  • Operand fetch
  • Execute
  • Operand store
40
Q

What is the three-Address format?

A

Using three addresses to specify the two that take part in the operation and the one where the result is stored.

Z = X + Y becomes ADD X, Y, Z

41
Q

How does the two address format work?

A

Specifies the two data locations used for the source data and the result is written back to one of the operands

42
Q

What is the literal addressing mode? (and what symbol is used to represent it?)

A

Moving the given value into the given location

MOVE #4, D1 (Moves 4 into D1)

43
Q

What is absolute addressing? (and what symbol is used to represent it?)

A

Moving data from one location to another

MOVE 1234, D1 (moves data at 1234 to D1)

44
Q

What is indirect addressing? (and what symbol is used to represent it?)

A

Finding memory location from one location and move data.

MOVE (A0), D1 (go to A0 find address, go to that address and move data to D1)

45
Q

What is the structure of an instruction (How many bits are assigned to each part?)

A
  • Letter - 4
  • Register - 3
  • Opmode - 3
    (Effective address)
  • Mode - 3
  • Register- 3
46
Q

What happens at fetch?

A

Get the next instruction from the PC

47
Q

What happens at decode?

A

Work out what operation and what parameters

48
Q

What happens at operand fetch?

A

Go and get whatever we need

49
Q

What happens at execute?

A

Do whatever action is required

50
Q

What happens at store (FDE) ?

A

Write back to where-ever

51
Q

What is pipelining?

A

Starting the stages of the next instruction before we had finished the previous one.

52
Q

What are problems with pipelining?

A
  • Data may be needed for next instruction so must wait
  • At branching PC will alter at execute, which may be too late
53
Q

What is RISC?

A

Reduced Instruction Set Computer - instructions are simpler

54
Q

What is CISC?

A

Complex Instruction Set Computers (Used for PC’s and cloud servers)

COM1006 (2 decks)

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