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A+ Certification 901 > Networking Part 1 > Flashcards

Networking Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is crosstalk?

A

Unwanted signal transfer between communication channels.

EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) is one way crosstalk can happen. EMI is when one signal disturbs another.

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2
Q

What is attenuation?

A

Gradually decreasing signal strength as the cable gets longer.

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3
Q

What is a coaxial cable and what is it made of?

A

It is made up of 4 layers from the core to the outside:

  • Cooper Conductor
  • Inner Insulator
  • Shielding Wire Mesh
  • Outside Insulator
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4
Q

What are the Ethernet specifications for Radio Guide RG-58 (Thinnet Ethernet)

A
  • Standard speed of 10 mbps
  • Standard length of 185 meters
  • Uses a BNC connector (push and twist to plug it in)

Thinnet is legacy (old) technology.

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5
Q

What is the difference between baseband and broadband Ethernet?

A

Baseband can only transmit one signal at a time. So if you have data, voice, and video that need to be transferred, it will interweave the signals.

Broadband transmits multiple signals on the same cable

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6
Q

What are some things to note about the RG-59 and RG- 6?

A

A type of coaxial copper cable typically used for cable TV and internet

Uses the F-connector (push and screw connector)

(don’t bend the little pin in the middle!)

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7
Q

What types of coaxial copper cables are there?

A
  • RG-58 (Thinnet Ethernet)
  • RG-59
  • RG-6
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8
Q

What is a signal splitter?

A

It allows you to take a signal (like cable TV or ethernet) and split it so you can watch it on multiple screens.

Avoid using a signal splitter if possible, because the more you split the signal, the more it’s quality degrades.

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9
Q

What are the Ethernet standards for 10BaseT?

A

Cable: Cat 3 UTP
Max Speed: 10 Mbps
Max Distance: 100 m
Notes: “Old School”

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10
Q

What are the Ethernet standards for 100BaseT?

A

Cable: Cat 5 UTP
Max Speed: 100 Mbps
Max Distance: 100 m
Notes: “Fast Ethernett”

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11
Q

What are the Ethernet standards for 1000BaseT/TX

A

Cable: Cat 5e UTP
Max Speed: 1 Gbps
Max Distance: 100 m
Notes: “Gigabit Ethernet”

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12
Q

What are the Ethernet standards for 10GBaseT

A

Cable: Cat 6a, 7, 7A UTP
Max Speed: 10 Gbps
Max Distance: 100 m
Notes: “10 Gig Ethernet”

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13
Q

What are the twisted pair Ethernet standards?

A
  • 10BaseT
  • 100BaseT
  • 1000BaseT/TX
  • 10GBaseT
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14
Q

Ethernet cables can only go 100 meters before the signal starts seriously degrading. After a signal is sent from a computer, at what point is it regenerated?

A

When it reaches the switch.

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15
Q

What is the standard that defines twisted pair Ethernet?

What are the two pin-out varieties for it? (which colors go where when you connect an Ethernet cable to a jack in the wall)

A

The EIA/TIA 568 Standard
(EIA is no more)

The two pin-out varieties below are equally good in every way, but they are incompatible:

  • T568A
  • T568B
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16
Q

What basic types of Ethernet cables are there?

A

Straight Cable: These cables have the same standard on each end (568A or 568B)

Crossover Cable: Has a different standard on each end (568A on one side and 568B on the other). Used for peer-to-peer sharing. Usually yellow.

Rollover Cable: Same standard on both ends, but one end has the pins in reverse order (complete flip). These are used to connect directly to a router, switch, or firewall.

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17
Q

What is an RJ-11?

A

Registered Jack connector

An Ethernet cable connector with four conductors (wires). Only two of the four conductors are typically used. One for send and one for receive.

They are typically used for phone lines.

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18
Q

What is an RJ-45?

A

An Ethernet cable connector with eight conductors (4 pairs). Fast Ethernet only uses 2 pairs, while Gigabit Ethernet uses all 4.

This is the type of connector used for computer networks.

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19
Q

What are the pros and cons of fiber-optic cable?

A

Fiber-Optic Cables transmit light, instead of electricity.

Pros:
- Security: Much more difficult to tap into than copper wires.
- Much faster than copper wires.
- Carries much further than copper wires.
Cons:
- Expensive
- Termination: They are difficult to connect to copper wires.
- Not very flexible

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20
Q

What two modes do fiber-optic cables operate in?

A

Single Mode: Has only one light path, but can go longer distances. Used for WANs

Multi Mode: has many light paths, shorter distances, less expensive than single mode.

21
Q

What is an SC Connector?

A

A very common type of fiber-optic termination connector.

It’s a snap-in connector. (push pull)

22
Q

What is an ST Connector?

A

Straight Tip is a type of fiber-optic cable connector.

Press and turn.

23
Q

What is an LC Connector?

A

A small form factor fiber-optic cable connector.

24
Q

What is a plenum?

A

An enclosed space (in a building) used for airflow. They are often put above a drop ceiling or below a raised floor.

Plenum grade cable should always be used in these spaces, instead of the standard PVC cable. This is because PVC cable is toxic when it burns and would send toxic fumes throughout the building in the case of a fire.

25
Q

What are the layers of the OSI reference model?

A

All People Seem to Need Data Processing

  1. Application
  2. Presentation
  3. Session
  4. Transport
  5. Network (Router operates at this level)
  6. Data Link (Switch)
  7. Physical (NIC (Network Interface Card))
26
Q

What is a MAC address?

A

Media Access Control

OSI (Layer 2)

A permanent unique identifier in the firmware of every network interface card. It is essentially an identifier for every network capable device.

27
Q

What numbering system is used for MAC addresses?

A

Instead of a base 10 number system, MAC addresses use a hexadecimal (base 16) system.

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

28
Q

How long is a MAC address?

A 
48 Bits
12 characters (each character represents 4 bits)

Each MAC address is made up of two parts. The first 6 characters are the OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier)

29
Q

What is the limitation of IPv4

A

IPv4 Addresses are 32 bit IP addresses. Their limitation is that there are only 4.2 billion possible addresses for the 32 bit system, yet there are more computers than that.

30
Q

How do you identify a class A IPv4 address?

A

the first octet will be somewhere from 1 to 126. Following that is the classful mask, 255.0.0.0

CIDR Mask is /8 (8 bit network)

31
Q

How do you identify a class B IPv4 address?

A

First octet is from 128 to 191. classful mask is 255.255.0.0

CIDR Mask is /16 (16 bit network)

32
Q

How do you identify a class C IPv4 address?

A

First octet is from 192 to 223. Classful mask is 255.255.255.0

CIDR Mask is /24 (24 bit network)

33
Q

How do you identify a class D IPv4 address?

A

First octet is from 224 to 255.

Used in IP multi-casting.

34
Q

What is the IPv4 loopback address?

A

127.0.0.1

Used for diagnostics. Ping that IP address. If you get a reply, it means the TCP/IP protocol works on that machine.

35
Q

What is CIDR addressing?

A

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

As opposed to IPv4 (classful) addressing where the address is split up into 8 bit segments called octets, CIDR (classless) addressing does not have to be evenly divided. You can do a network break at any bit boundary. This allows you to create subnets, which are created for efficiency and security reasons.

36
Q

What are some improvements to IPv6 over IPv4?

A
  • 128 bit addresses (more potential addresses)
  • Simplified headers
  • Built-in encryption
  • Compatible with IPv4
37
Q

What is the IPv6 loopback address?

A

::1

38
Q

What is SLAAC?

A

Stateless Address Auto Configuration

Generates a Link Local address, which always starts with fe80

39
Q

Which computers should have static IP addresses and which should have dynamic ones?

A

Static addresses don’t change and are good for server side things like servers, network printers, and network access points. (If your network printer changed it’s address, you would get kicked off).

Dynamic addresses are leased on a temporary basis and are better used for users. Users will generally be DHCP clients, who are given an IP address by the DHCP server.

40
Q

What is a default gateway?

A

It is a router address on your network segment. This allows you to get out of your network segment (subnet) and into another segment or get access to the internet router (and thus the internet).

41
Q

What is DNS?

A

Domain Name System

DNS allows you to name a host something like “Daniel’s Computer” in place of its IP address.

42
Q

Do switches work with IP addresses or MAC addresses?

A

MAC addresses.

43
Q

What is TCP?

A

Transport Control Protocol

(It is a connection oriented protocol)

Pro: It ensures reliable data delivery between machines.
Con: Slows things down a little as it checks the accuracy of the transmission.

44
Q

What is UDP?

A

User Datagram Protocol

(It is a connectionless protocol)

Pro: Faster, since there is no communication back and forth to check accuracy.
Con: Data Drop-outs (if something happens to the transmission, no message will be sent back to the sender requesting tat it be sent again).

45
Q

What is the protocol of the world wide web?

A

HTTP

46
Q

What is a socket?

A

It refers to the combination of an IP address and a TCP (or UDP) port number.

47
Q

What is a port number?

A

Port numbers are associated with specific protocols and services. A port number is much like a channel. Computers will listen on certain port numbers for certain types of information.

For example: A website server will listen on TCP 80 for computers requesting its IP address (it’s listening for people who type the website into their browser). Another example: computers using the file transfer protocol (FTP) will listen on ports 20 and 21.

48
Q

Who maintains socket ports?

A

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

It is globally in charge of IP address allocation. It also designates and gives out port numbers

49
Q

What are the three basic groups of ports?

A

Well-known: range 0-1024 (Globally recognized ports)

Registered: range 1024-49151 (used for things like business network applications. There is potential for conflict with other network applications using the same port).

Dynamic (ephemeral): range 49152-65535 (many services initially connect on a well-known port and then switch to a dynamic port, which is then let go at the end of the session).

A+ Certification 901 (9 decks)

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