Networking: Intro to IP Flashcards
IP - Internet Protocols
Client → Ethernet Header - Ethernet Payload - Ethernet Trailer ← Server
Client → Ethernet Header - IP - IP Payload - Ethernet Trailer ← Server
Client → Ethernet Header - IP -TCP - TCP Payload - Ethernet Trailer ← Server
Client → Ethernet Header - IP -TCP - HTTP data - Ethernet Trailer ← Server
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
Connection oriented, “Reliable” delivery, Flow control
Device → TCP Data → Server // Server → TCP ACK → Device
UDP - User Datagram Protocol
Connectionless, “Unreliable” delivery, No flow control
Why use UDP?
Real-time consumption
Connectionless protocols - DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) & TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) // Data might not get through
Why use TCP?
Connection oriented protocols prefer a “return receipt” - HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) & SSH (Secure Shell)
Non-ephemeral ports - Permanent port numbers
Ports 0 through 1023
Ephemeral ports - Temporary port numbers
Ports 1024 through 65535
Ports on the network
Web server - TCP/80
VoIP server - UDP/5004
Email server - TCP/143
What are the FTP - File Transfer Protocol port numbers?
TCP/20 (active mode date), TCP/21 (control)
SSH - Secure Shell
Encrypted communication link - TCP/22
Telnet - Telecommunication Network - What is the port number?
Telnet - Telecommunication Network - TCP/23
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - What is the port number?
TCP/25
What is DNS - Domain Name Server and what port number does it use?
Converts names to IP address - UDP/53
What is DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol and what port numbers are used?
Automated configuration of IP address, subnet mask and other options
UDP/67 & UDP/68
What is HTTP and what port number does it use?
Hypertext Transfer Protocol - TCP/80 - Communication in the browser & by other applications
What is HTTPS and what port number does it use?
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure - TCP/443 // Communication in the browser & by other applications… But with encryption
What is POP3 and what port number does it use?
Post Office Protocol version 3 - TCP/110 // Basic mail transfer functionality
What is IMAP4 and what port number does it use?
Internet Message Access Protocol - TCP/143 // Includes management of email inbox from multiple clients // Also called CIFS (Common Internet File System)
What are the NetBIOS over TCP/IP (Network Basic Input/Output System port numbers?
UDP/137 - NetBIOS name services (nbname)
TCP/139 - NetBIOS session service (nbsession)
What does SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol do and what port numbers are used?
Gather stats from network devices
Queries: udp/161
Traps: udp/162
What is LDAP and what port number is used?
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) - tcp/389
What is RDP - Remote Desktop Protocol and what port number is used?
Share a desktop from a remote location over tcp/3389
One of the original 802.11 wireless standards, Operates in the 5 GHz range, 54 megabits per second (Mbit/s)
802.11a
802.11b
Also an original 802.11 standard, Operates in the 2.4 GHz range, 11 megabits per second (Mbit/s), better range than 802.11a, More frequency conflict
802.11g
An “upgrade” to 802.11b, 54 megabits per second (Mbit/s), Same 2.4 GHz frequency conflict problems as 802.11b
802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)
The update to 802.11g, 802.11b, and 802.11a, Operates at 5GHz and/or 2.4 GHz, 600 megabits per second (Mbit/s), 802.11n uses MIMO
MIMO
Multiple-input multiple-output // Multiple transmit and receive antennas
802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5)
Operates on the 5Hz band , Increased channel bonding, Denser signaling modulation, Eight MU-MIMO downlink streams (Multiple User-Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)
What Wi-Fi technology uses MU-MIMO technology?
802.11 AC and 802.11 AX use MU-MIMO
MU-MIMO
Multiple User-Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) // Nearly 7 gigabits per second
802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6)
Operates at 5GHz and/or 2.4 GHz, 20, 40, 80, and 160 MHz channel widths, 1201 megabits per second per channel
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access // Works similar to cellular communication // Improves high-density installations
RFID (Radio-frequency identification)
It’s everywhere
Access badges
Inventory/Assembly line tracking
Pet/Animal identification
Anything that needs to be tracked
2.4 GHz Spectrum for 802.11 In North America
IEEE channels: 1, 6, & 11 // 20MHz each // 2412 to 2482 MHz
5 GHz Spectrum for 802.11 In North America
IEEE channels: 36, 40, 44, 48 (YELLOW)
52, 56, 60, 64, (BLUE)
68, 72, 76, 80, 84, 88, 92, 96, (RED)
100, 104, 108, 112, 116, (BLUE)
120, 124, 128, (GREEN)
132, 136, 140, (BLUE)
144, (GREEN)
149, 153, 157, 161, 165, (BLUE)
169, 173, 177 (RED)
20, 40, 80, & 160 MHz options available
Blue - Available channels
Green - New channels added in Apr 2014
Yellow - Indoor channels that can be used outdoors in Apr 2014
Red - Frequencies not available for 802.11
DHCP Server
Dynamic Host Configuration protocol - Automatic IP address configuration
Enterprise DHCP will be redundant
DHCP Process
DORA - 4 Step Process
Discover
Offer
Request
Acknowledge
A records are for what?
IPv4 addresses
AAAA records are for what?
IPv6 addresses
Mail Exchanger Record (MX)
Determines the host name for the mail server // Need both the MX and A record to work properly
Sender Policy Framework (SPF)
SPF Protocol - A list of all servers authorized to send emails for this domain
WAN
Wide Area Network
PAN
Personal Area Network - Bluetooth, IR, FC
MAN
Metropolitan Area Network - Larger than a LAN, often smaller than a WAN
LAN
Local Area Network
SAN
Storage Area Network (SAN)
WLAN
Wireless LAN using 802.11 Tech
Cooper Cable Categories
1000Base-T - Cat5 - 100 meters - 1g per second
1000Base-T - Cat5e (enhanced) - 100 meters -1g per second
10GBASE-T - Cat 6 - Unshielded: 55 Meters / Shielded: 100 meters - 10G per second
10GBASE-T - Cat 6a (augmented) - 100 meters - 10G per second
Plenum-rated Cable
Fire-rated cable jacket, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Plenum-rated cables may not be as flexible
UTO (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
No additional shielding // The most common twisted pair cabling
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
Additional shielding protects against interference // Shield each pair and/or the overall cable // Requires the cable to the grounded
T568A
White and Green, Green, White and Orange, Blue, White and Blue, Orange, White and Brown, Brown
T568B
Orange, White and Green, Blue, White and Blue, Green, White and Brown, Brown
Cloud Deployment Models
Private - Your own virtualized local data center
Public - Available to everyone over the internet
Hybrid - A mix of public and private
Community - Several organizations share the same resources
LAN
Local Area Network
IAAS
Infrastructure as a Service - Sometimes called Hardware as a Service (HaaS) // Outsource your equipment
SAAS
Software as a Service - On-demand software
PAAS
Platform as a Service - No servers, no software, no maintenance team, no HVAC // You don’t have direct control of the data, people, or infrastructure
LAN
Local Area Network
Cloud Models (Blue = Client Managed) (Orange = Provider Managed)
On Premises - Application, Data, Runtime, MIddleware, OS, Virtualization, Servers, Storage, Networking (All Blue)
IaaS - Application, Data, Runtime, MIddleware, OS (BLUE), Virtualization, Servers, Storage, Networking (ORANGE)
SaaS - Application, Data, Runtime, MIddleware, OS, Virtualization, Servers, Storage, Networking (ALL ORANGE)
PaaS - Application, Data (BLUE), Runtime, MIddleware, OS, Virtualization, Servers, Storage, Networking (ORANGE)
Internal Cloud
No resources are shared // Build your own cloud // Pay for everything up front // No ongoing costs
External Cloud
Share resources with a public cloud // Underlying infrastructure owned by third party // Cost may be metered or up-front
Metered Cloud Services
You pay for what you use // Cost to upload/download // Cost to store
Non-Metered
You pay for a block of storage // No cost to upload/download
Rapid Elasticity
Scale up/down as needed // Seamless to everyone // The cloud enables instant resource provisioning
DAAS
Desktop as a Service - Basic application usage // Minimal operations system on the client // Network connectivity
Virtualization
One computer, many operating systems // macOS, Windows 11, Linux Ubuntu, all at the same time
The Hypervisor
Virtual Machine Manager // Manages the virtual platform and guest operating systems
