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Computer Science > Networking Fundamentals (THM) > Flashcards

Networking Fundamentals (THM) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is computer networking?

A

Connecting devices so that they can share data.

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2
Q

If Humans have 1)Names and 2) fingerprints, what do computers have?

A

1) IP Addresses
2) MAC Addresses

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3
Q

What does IP and MAC stand for?

A

Internet Protocol and Media Access Control

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4
Q

What are 2 IP addressing schemes and their respective number systems?

A

1) IPV4 (2^32)
2) IPV6 (2^128)

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5
Q

What is an IP address divided by?

A

4 Octets

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6
Q

What is Ping and what does it use?

A

Ping is a networking tool that uses ICMP packets to verify network connection and performance.

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7
Q

What is ICMP?

A

Internet Control Message Protocol

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8
Q

What is LAN?

A

Local Area Network

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9
Q

What is a LAN Topology?

A

The configuration of a LAN.

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of Lan Topologies?

A

Star
Bus
Ring

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11
Q

What is the most efficient LAN topology? Give a positive and negative.

A

Star
Scalable and most efficient
Expensive

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12
Q

What is the cheapest LAN topology? Positive and Negative?

A

Bus
Easy set up and cost efficient
Can bottleneck and slowdown, dependent on backbone cable

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13
Q

What is the easiest LAN topology to fix? Positive and Negative?

A

Ring
Easy set up, more efficient than Bus topology
Dependent on every connected device and cable

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14
Q

What is a switch?

A

A device that connects other devices and tracks which port those devices are connected to.

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15
Q

What is a router?

A

A device that connects and passes data between networks.
Device that configures port forwarding.

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16
Q

What is routing?

A

Process of data travelling across networks.

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17
Q

What is ARP?

A

Address Resolution Protocol

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18
Q

What is a cache?

A

A ledger of addresses

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19
Q

What does ARP do?

A

Allows devices to connect to networks by associating their MAC to an IP. Each device on a network will track the MAC addresses associated to IPs on a network.

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20
Q

How does ARP work?

A

1)ARP Request
2)ARP Reply

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21
Q

What is an ARP Request?

A

Message sent on a network requesting the MAC address associated with a known IP address.

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22
Q

What is an ARP Reply?

A

If the MAC address associated with a known IP address is known by the device, it sends the MAC address to the device that made the ARP Request.

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23
Q

What does a device do after receiving an ARP Reply?

A

Stores the MAC address associated with an IP into its cache.

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24
Q

What is DHCP?

A

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

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25
Q

What are the 4 steps of DHCP?

A

1)DHCP Discover
2)DHCP Offer
3)DHCP Request
4)DHCP Ack

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26
Q

What does DHCP Discover attempt to do?

A

Connect to a DHCP server

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27
Q

What is an OSI model?

A

Open Systems Interconnection model

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28
Q

What are the 7 steps in an OSI model?

A

1)Physical
2)Data Link
3)Network
4)Transport
5)Session
6)Presentation
7)Application

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29
Q

What is encapsulation? What does it have to do with the OSI model?

A

Information being added to data.
Encapsulation occurs at every step of the OSI model.

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30
Q

What is the Physical layer of the OSI model?

A

Devices use electrical signals to transfer data between each other in a binary numbering system.

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31
Q

What is the Data Link layer of the OSI model?

A

Physical addressing of devices and presenting that data in suitable formats.

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32
Q

What is a NIC? What does it have? Which layer of the OSI model is it involved in?

A

1) Network Interface Card.
2) The MAC address physically burned into it.
3) The Data Link layer.

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33
Q

What is the Network layer of the OSI model?

A

Where routing and re-assembly of data occurs.

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34
Q

Name 2 different protocols in the Network layer of the OSI model

A

OSPF
RIP

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35
Q

What is OSPF? (Network layer)

A

Open Shortest Path First

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36
Q

What is RIP? (Network layer)

A

Routing Information Protocol

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37
Q

What do devices in the Network layer of the OSI model use to communicate? What do they send and receive?

A

IP addresses
Packets

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38
Q

What is the Transport layer of the OSI model?

A

How data is transmitted in a network and connection type

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39
Q

What are 2 different protocols in the Transport layer of the OSI model?

A

TCP & UDP

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40
Q

What is TCP? Which layer does it fit in the OSI model?

A

Transmission Control Protocol
Transport

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41
Q

What is UDP? Which layer does it fit in the OSI model?

A

User Datagram Protocol
Transport

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42
Q

What is the Session layer of the OSI model?

A

When a connection between 2 devices is made.

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43
Q

What is a technical term for an established connection? Which layer of the OSI model does this correspond to?

A

Session
Session

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44
Q

What is the Presentation layer of the OSI model?

A

Translates software data from the application layer so that it’s usable by the other OSI layers.

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45
Q

Which OSI model layer has data encryption?

A

Presentation

46
Q

What is the Application layer of the OSI model?

A

Where users interact with the GUI. You can also find various programs set up by software developers here, and the rules that define how to interact with them.

47
Q

What important protocol can you find un the application layer?

A

DNS

48
Q

What are packets?

A

A packet holds a frame, which holds data.

49
Q

What are frames?

A

An “envelope” holds data.

50
Q

What is a good metaphor that explains the relationship between packets and frames?

A

An envelope inside an envelope which holds a letter. The envelope that holds frames are called packets, and the envelope inside the envelope holding data is a frame.

51
Q

At the data link layer, is there a frame or packet?

A

Frame

52
Q

What is the name of a piece of data that has IP Addressing?

A

Packet

53
Q

What is the name for a piece of data that doesn’t have IP Addressing?

A

Frame

54
Q

What is a colloquial term for TCP/IP

A

The Three Way Handshake

55
Q

What is TCP?

A

Transmission Control Protocol

56
Q

What is similar to TCP?

A

OSI Model

57
Q

What are TCP and OSI?

A

Systems of rules for networking (connecting devices).

58
Q

What are the layers of TCP/IP?

A

1) Application
2) Transport
3) Internet
4) Network Interface

59
Q

Are packet structures always the same?

A

No, the structure depends on its purpose.

60
Q

What also occurs in TCP/IP as in OSI?

A

Encapsulation

61
Q

What is the reverse of encapsulation?

A

Decapsulation

62
Q

What is the defining feature of TCP/IP?

A

It’s connection-based

63
Q

What is the typical structure of a Packet?

A

Divided into headers; packets added through encapsulation.

64
Q

What is the structure of an IP packet?

A

Time to live
Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address

65
Q

What is “Time to Live” in IP packet structure?

A

Expiry timer in the event packets do not reach destinition or abort

66
Q

What is “Checksum” in IP packet structure?

A

Integrity checking protocols such as TCP. If there is an unexpected return value connection is aborted.

67
Q

What is “Source Address” in IP packet structure?

A

The IP address of the device that the packet is being sent from so that data knows where to return to.

68
Q

What is “Destination Address” in IP Packet structure?

A

The device’s IP address the packet is being sent to so that data knows where to travel next.

69
Q

What is the structure of a TCP packet?

A

Source port
Destination port
Source IP
Destination IP
Sequence Number
Ack number
Checksum
Data
Flag

70
Q

What are the steps of the 3 way handshake?

A

SYN
SYN/ACK
ACK
DATA
FIN
RST

71
Q

What is a SYN transmission?

A

SYN=SYNchronise
A packet
A SYN message is the initial packet sent by a client during the handshake. This packet is used to initiate a connection and synchronise the two devices together.

72
Q

What is an SYN/ACK transmission?

A

A packet. This packet is sent by the receiving device (server) to acknowledge the synchronisation attempt from the client.

73
Q

What is an ACK transmission?

A

The acknowledgement packet can be used by either the client or server to acknowledge that a series of messages/packets have been successfully received.

74
Q

What is a DATA transmission?

A

Once a connection has been established, data (such as bytes of a file) is sent via the “DATA” message.

75
Q

What is the FIN transmission?

A

This packet is used to close the connection after it has been complete.

76
Q

What is the RST transmission?

A

This packet abruptly ends all communication if there are errors.

77
Q

What is any sent data given?

A

A random number sequence.

78
Q

What is ISN in TCP/IP? What is it used for?

A

Initial Sequence Number
Ensuring the correct order of data transmission

79
Q

Does the 3 way handshake occur in UDP?

A

No, it doesn’t require a stable connection.

80
Q

What is the structure of a UDP packet?

A

Time To Live (TTL)
Source Address
Destination Address
Source Port
Destination Port
Data

81
Q

Why type of connection is UDP?

A

Stateless

82
Q

Why are ports essential?

A

They are where data is exhanged.

83
Q

What is the numerical range for ports?

A

0-65535

84
Q

Where is all web browser data sent?

A

Port 80

85
Q

What is a common port?

A

0-1024

86
Q

What is FTP?

A

File Transfer Protocol
This protocol is used by a file-sharing application built on a client-server model, meaning you can download files from a central location.

87
Q

What port is FTP allocated to?

A

Port 21

88
Q

What is SSH?

A

Secure Shell
This protocol is used to securely login to systems via a text-based interface for management.

89
Q

What port is HTTP allocated to?

A

80

90
Q

What is HTTP?

A

HyperText Transfer Protocol
This protocol powers the World Wide Web (WWW)! Your browser uses this to download text, images and videos of web pages.

91
Q

What is HTTPS?

A

HypterText Transfer Protocol Secure
Same as HTTP, but in a secure way using encryption.

92
Q

What port is HTTPS allocated to?

A

443

93
Q

What is SMB?

A

Server Message Block
This protocol is similar to the File Transfer Protocol (FTP); however, as well as files, SMB allows you to share devices like printers.

94
Q

What port is SMB allocated to?

A

445

95
Q

What is RDP?

A

Remote Desktop Protocol
This protocol is a secure means of logging in to a system using a visual desktop interface (as opposed to the text-based limitations of the SSH protocol).

96
Q

What is port forwarding?

A

How applications and services connect to devices outside their direct network.

97
Q

What is a firewall?

A

A device that restricts traffic in a port.

98
Q

What forms can a firewall take?

A

Large pieces of hardware, residential router or a software.

99
Q

What are the categories of firewalls?

A

Stateful
Stateless

100
Q

What is a Stateful firewall?

A

Observes entire connection behaviour

101
Q

What is a Stateless firewall?

A

Analyses individual packets

102
Q

What is a VPN?

A

Virtual Private Network
A program that makes devices from different networks connect and communicate securely.

103
Q

What are the 2 main benefits of VPNs?

A

Privacy
Anonymity

104
Q

How does TryHackMe connect you to their vulnerable machines without making them accesible by the internet and having users breach agreements with their ISPs?

A

VPN

105
Q

What are some technologies that VPNs use?

A

PTTP
PPP
IPSec

106
Q

What is PPTP?

A

Point to Point Tunneling Protocol
Allows data encrypted by PPP to be routed.

107
Q

What is PPP?

A

Point to Point Protocol
Unroutable tech that authenticates and encrypts data.

108
Q

What is IPSec?

A

Internet Protocol Security
Encrypts data using IP framework.

109
Q

What is a Layer 2 Switch?

A

Only operates at Layer 2 and only sends frames to devices on its network using MAC Addresses.

110
Q

What is a Layer 3 Switch?

A

Can send frames to devices on its network and use IP to send packets to devices outside its direct network.

111
Q

What is VLAN?

A

Virtual Local Area Network
Segregates LANs to improve security
Example: creating 2 different IP Addresses for 2 different departments in a Business network.

112
Q
A

Computer Science (5 decks)

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