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CCNA > Networking Fundamentals > Flashcards

Networking Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five layers of TCP/IP?

A

Application, Transfer, Network, (Link)Datalink, and (Link)Physical

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2
Q

What is the fifth layer of TCP/IP and what does it do?

A

Application layer: provides an interface between software running on a computer and the network itself. ie Web browsers (HTTP).

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3
Q

What is the fourth layer of TCP/IP and what does it do?

A

Transfer layer: Provide services to the application layer protocols that reside one layer higher in the TCP/IP Model. ie. error recovery. Common used transport layer protocols are TCP and UDP.

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4
Q

What is Same-Layer Interaction on differen computers

A

Two or more computers communicate with same layer using a protocol.

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5
Q

What is Adjacent-layer interaction n the same computer

A

On a single computer, one layer provides a service to a higher layer.

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6
Q

What is the third layer of TCP/IP and what does it do?

A

TCP/IP Network Layer: Provides a service of forwarding IP packets from one device to another. provides mostly addressing a routing. It usually uses the Internet Protocol(IP). Compare it to the postal office.

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7
Q

What does IP Router do?

A

Networking devices that connect the parts of the TCP/IP network together for the purpose of routing(forwarding) IP packets to the correct destination. Compare it to the post office. It decide which rout to forward the packet based on IP address. It is called IP routing.

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8
Q

What is the first and second layer of TCP/IP Model?

A

(Link) Datalink and Physical: It refers to Ethernet. It defines the protocol and physical required to deliver data across some physical network. It entails encapsulate-transmit data from the sending device and receive-Deencapsulate on the destination device.

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9
Q

During Encapsulation of data (Link layer) what happened to the IP packet?

A

Ethernet Header is added at the beginning of the packet and Ethernet Trailer is added at the end of the packet.

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10
Q

What are the 7 layers of OSI?

A

Application, Presentation, Sessions, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical.

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11
Q

In TCP/IP Messages, the header (and possibly trailer) combined with their encapsulated data is refer different term respectively in different layers: TCP(Tranport Layer) as to _______, IP(Network Layer)as to ______, and LH and LT(Data Link: Link Header and Link Trailer as to ______.

A

Segment, packet, frame.

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12
Q

The OSI uses a generic term ______ to refer to layers’ encapsulated data.

A

Protocol data unit (PDU) ie if it is layer 3 PDU, it writes: L3PDU

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13
Q

Ethernet defines ______ LAN technology.

A

wired

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14
Q

A wireless LAN uses a _________ to communicate with the Ethernet switch by sending and receiving data.

A

Access Point (AP)

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15
Q 
Give the Informal and formal IEEE name,  Cable type and Maximum length of the following cable:
10 Mbps Ethernet cable: 
100 Mbps Fast Ethernet cable:
1000 Mbps Gig Ethernet(fiber):
1000 Mbps Gig Ethernet(copper)
10 Gbps: 10 Gig Ethernet
A 
10Base-T; 802.3; copper, 100m
100Base-T; 802.3u; copper, 100m
1000Base-LX; 802.3z; fiber, 5000m
1000Base-T; 802.3ab; copper, 100m
10Gbase-T; 802.3 an; copper, 100m
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16
Q

UPT (Unshielded-Twisted Pair) Cable connects to nodes with _______ ports with a _______ connector. This creates a ________.

A

RJ-45; RJ-45; physical link.

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17
Q

What is the RJ-11 connector and how is it differ from the RJ-45 connector?

A

RJ-11 are used as telephone ports and RJ-45 is wider and used for Ethernet cabling.

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18
Q

Other than speed, how is 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps differ from 1000 Mbps UTP cable?

A

1000 Mbps UTP cable has 4 pairs of twisted wires.

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19
Q

What does the “T” stands for in the informal IEEE naming convention?

A

Straight-Through cable pinout. That is, pin 1 to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2, 3 to 3 and 6 to 6. Usually used for connecting nodes that use opposite pairs for transmitting data. .

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20
Q

When do you use Crossover cable and when do you use Straight-through cable?

A

Use Cross-over cable if the endpoints transmit on the same pin pair.

Use Straight-Through cable if the endpoints transmit on different pin pairs

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21
Q

Which devices usually transmit on pins 1,2?

A

PC NICs, Routers, Wireless Access Point (Ethernet Interface)

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22
Q

Which devices usually transmit on pins 3,6?

A

Switches and Hubs

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23
Q

What does a Ethernet Frame in Data Link Protocol consist?

A

Header, Data (IP packet) and Trailer.

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24
Q

What is Ethernet Addressing?

A

The sending node puts its own address in the source address field and the destination device’s address in the destination address field; transmit the frame and expecting it to reach the destination device. Part of the header of data link layer.

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25
Q

What are Ethernet Addresses? What is the format?

A

Also know as Media Access Control Address (MAC Address). Usually in the format of 12-digit hexadecimal numbers separated by a period for every 4 digit.

26
Q

Most MAC Address on NIC or Ethernet devices are universally unique, they are call the _______ MAC Address

A

Unicast

27
Q

Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) is assigned by IEEE to manufacturers for the first __ Hex Digits of a MAC address and it has ___ Bits. The last 6 Hex Digits of a MAC is assigned by the _______.

A

6; 24; manufacturers.

28
Q

Differentiate Broadcast address and Multicast address

A

Broadcast address means all devices that reside on this LAN right now; a multicast address implies some subset of all devices currently on the Ethernet LAN.

29
Q

IPv4 and IPv6 are commonly known as ______. Their types can be identified by the Type Field in the Ethernet’s header.

A

Network layer protocols. IPv4 = 0800; IPv6 = 86DD.

30
Q

What is the function of the Ethernet Trailer?

A

Error detecting using Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field in the Trailer. Only detects and discard but not recover. TCP does the recovery portion with it detects the frame was lost in transaction.

31
Q

What are the major differences between a hub and switch?

A

Switch is a layer 2 devices that has Ethernet addressing function and has full-duplex features that allow receiving a sending frames at the same time. Hub is a layer 1 device and has no concept of Ethernet frames, of address and so on. When a hub received data from one port it will send the data to all ports. It has potential for collision.

32
Q

How can we prevent collision when sending data through a half-duplex hub?

A

The use of CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision detection). Sender will listen until the Ethernet is not busy then begin sending the frame; then observe if collision occurs.

33
Q

What are the two most popular data link layer protocols used for LEASED LINES between two routers?

A

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).

34
Q

All data link protocol, including WAN, perform a similar role:

A

to control the correct delivery of data over a physical link of a particular type.

35
Q

What is FCS and what is its function?

A

Frame Check Sequence reside in the last 4 bytes in the trailer of data link frame. It provides a method to the receiving NIC to determine whether the frame experienced transmission errors.

36
Q

HDLC ________ the frame from router to get the IP Packet, ________ the packet into HDLC frame and then transfer the frame into R2.

A

De-encapsulates; encapsulate.

37
Q

What are the two Ethernet WAN services used for CCNA R&S?

A

Ethernet emulation and Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS).

38
Q

DSL supports asymmetric speeds, it is better for consumer Internet access. What is asymmetric speed?

A

Downstream speed is much faster than upstream speed. That means consumers will click on a website and easily receive great amount of data but only upload a few bytes for clicking on the web.

39
Q

What does DLS and cable has in common?

A

They both support asymmetric speed, they do not replace the leased lines but to create a short WAN link between the ISP and homes.

40
Q

What are the differences between cable and DSL?

A

DSL uses phone lines and cable use cable. DSL has to split voice and data while cable has to split video and data. Cable is faster, but the DSL is cheaper.

41
Q

How many bytes are in a IP header?

A

20 bytes

42
Q

There are two main facts about how IPv4 groups IP address:

A
  1. All IP addresses in the same group must not be separated from each other by a router.
  2. IP addresses separated from each other by a router must be in different groups.
43
Q

Which class of IPv4 are unicast?

A

Class A, B and C.

44
Q

What are the ranges for class A, B and C?

A

A: 1-126
B: 128-191
C: 192-223

45
Q

What is routing update?

A

A router use routing update to send routing protocol message to other routers so they can learn the new routes (thus adding the route for subnets to their table).

46
Q

How does DNS server work?

A

It works just like a server but it provide IP address to the requesting host about the name they typed in; then the host can send the IP packet with the IP address to that particular server.

47
Q

What is the function of ARP?

A

Allowing hosts or routers to dynamically learn the MAC address of another UP host or router on the same LAN. Via ARP request and ARP reply.

48
Q

What is the simple command to use to verify host connectivity?

A

Ping.

49
Q

What are the main functions of TCP/IP Transport layer?

A
  1. Multiplexing using ports
  2. Error Recovery(reliability)
  3. Flow Control using windowing
  4. Connection establishment and termination
  5. Ordered data transfer and data segmentation
50
Q

Destination port and Source port information can be found in the __________.

A

Header field of the transport layer.

51
Q

Socket is a concept of Multiplexing which consists of three things:

A
  1. An IP address
  2. A transport protocol
  3. A port number

ie: socket could be (10.1.1.2, TCP, port 80)

52
Q

Which protocol does Cisco uses as its prime software to control network?

A

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

53
Q

What is the difference between TFTP and FTP?

A

Trivial File Transfer Protocol clients and servers applications are very simple, making them good tools as embedded parts of networking devices. While File Transfer Protocol has more features, good for end-user population.

54
Q

What must happened before data transfer can begin using TCP?

A

Three-way handshake: pc 1 sends syn, dport=80, sport=1027 to server(port80); server syn, ack,; pc 1, ack. Only port number is needed

55
Q

How does a TCP termination flow look like?

A

PC 1 ack, fin; pc 2 ack; pc2 ack, fin; pc1 ack.

56
Q

What is the major difference between TCP and UDP(in terms of connections)

A

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol while UDP is connectionless. That means, TCP must establish connection between two hosts/routers before data transfer.

57
Q

What is the advantage of using UDP?

A

It require less bytes and processing than TCP.

58
Q

What competing characteristics does QoS (Quality of Service) defines?

A
  1. Bandwidth: bits/sec for application to work well
  2. Delay: times to take one IP packet to flow from source to destination
  3. Jitter: The variation in delay
  4. Loss: percentage of packet discarded and requires a retransmission using TCP
59
Q

What is the differences between an interactive application and a batch application?

A

Interactive application has a human user at one end of a flow(web browsing), delay and jitter is critical QoS. Batch application focus more on the bandwidth QoS because it may not need a human operator but takes up bandwidth in a time duration. IT department has to make sure the bandwidth is capable for the batch applications.

60
Q

Which layer 4 protocol does IP phones use? What are the major QoS required?

A

UDP, low delay, low jitter and low loss.

61
Q

What is the basic structure of the URL (Uniform Resource Locator)?

A

protocol before //, host name between // and /, name of the web page is listed after the /.

example: http://www.certskills.com/ICND1 with http as a protocol, www.certskills.com as host name, webpage is ICND1.

62
Q

HTTP defines several commands and responses, with the most frequently used being the ___________ and _________ commands.

A

HTTP GET request, HTTP GET response.

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