Network Fundamentals Q/A's Flashcards
What’s the purpose of routers?
route and distribute data packets
What’s the purpose of switches?
store and forward data frames
What’s two capabilities does a L2/L3 provide?
both routing and switching.
Next-generation firewalls provide what capabilities?
Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) Web filtering (URL filtering) Antivirus Protection
What is an end-point, and what does it do?
where two nodes connect to each other for data transmission communicates back and forth with a network
What does a server enable you do to do?
manage compute and network resources for clients and hosts.
What is a Small office/home office (SOHO)?
small private network personal and business use.
What does the term On-Premise mean?
Onsite
What is the difference between single mode and multi mode fiber ?
Single Mode Allows only one mode of light to transmit over longer distances with the least attenuation. Multi Mode Allows multiple modes of light to transmit higher bandwidth over shorter distances
What is a Shared Media LAN?
Network that shares it’s total available bandwidth
What is point-to-point?
One-to-One communication between two endpoints or nodes.
What is POE? What is used for?
Power over Ethernet transmit data and power over an Ethernet cable.
What are collisions on a network?
data packets that collide into each other
What are two common types of errors that occur a network?
physical or protocol related
What are mismatch duplex and or speed?
When either speed or duplex setting on either interface do not match
What’s the difference between TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) vs UDP (User Datagram Protocol)? What is UDP commonly used for?
Reliable delivery protocol that uses a three way handshake of sequence numbers and acknowledgements with error correction and flow control.
Best-effort delivery without error correction or flow control Voice and video transmission)
Why is private address important?
Your network is private and not accessible by default from the outside network
2000::/3
Same as a Public IP address and is used for what type of communication?
IPv6 global unicast address
one to one communication
FC00::/7 (FD00::/8)
Like IPv4 private addresses and is called an IPv6…?
unique local address
FE80::/10
They are also assigned most often?
used for communicating with other nodes on the?
IPv6 link local addresses
autoconfiguration
same link
Anycast address are a one to anyone IP address that is sent to what?
closet member of the group.
FF00::/8
Represent a dynamic group of hosts and identifies multiple interfaces?
IPv6 multicast address
What the purpose of a IPv6 EUI-64 address used for?
automatically assign IPv6 host addresses to an interface.
What the purpose of encryption?
encoding of data for secure and private transmission
What is virtualization?
Creating a virtual replica of something into software
What two ways are MAC addresses learned?
Address resolution protocol Frame Flooding/Broadcast
What is Frame switching?
Divide and encapsulating data into frames
What is Frame Flooding?
Flooding all ports with a broadcast message except the port where it originated from.
What the purpose of a MAC address table?
Storing MAC address and port interfaces to forward data in/out physical interfaces
What is a passive interface responsible for?
Ignoring routing updates by still routing data
Loopback address are a best practice to assign to your routers? (True/False)
True
Distance vector routing protocols have knowledge of what type of route? Do distant vector routing protocols advertise full network topology
Directly connected route no
What’s the main benefit of using a static route?
Decrease CPU and memory usage
What is CDP, it’s layer and purpose?
Cisco Discovery Protocol Layer 2 protocol Discover other Cisco devices directly connected
What is ARP, it’s layer and purpose?
Address Resolution Protocol Layer 2 protocol Maps IP addresses to MAC addresses.
What is the actual broadcast that ARP sends out?
Request and Response Broadcast FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
Is it possible to have multiple IPv6 addresses on the same IPv6 interface? Yes/No
Yes
SLAAC is responsible for automatically assinging host what?
IPv6 addresses
When using SLACC does the router track which hosts have what IP addresses, why?
no (stateless addressing)
By default an IPv6 route of ::/0 is equivalent to?
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 in IPv4
IPv6 does not use ARP requests instead it uses what and send out two types of advertisements? Where type of class of IPv6 address are messages sent to?
NDP Neighbor Discovery Protocol - Solicitations and Advertisements Multicast address to reaches all hosts on the subnet (Solicited-Node)
IPv6 is enabled or disabled on a router by default? True/False
False (ipv6 unicast-routing)
What is RFC 1918 about?
Private Address Space
What is the Private Address Space Ranges for Class A and the Prefix in RFC 1918?
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix)
What is the Private Address Space Ranges for Class B and the Prefix in RFC 1918?
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix)
What is the Private Address Space Ranges for Class C and the Prefix in RFC 1918?
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix)
What is DTP Dynamic Trunking Protocol used for?
Carry tagged frames that are assigned to unique VLANs over one or more port/interfaces.
Frame Relay uses what type of interface to connect to multiple remote sites?
serial interface
What is a MAC address?
Physical address that identifies a device/host.
How many total bits/bytes are in a MAC address?
48-bits (6 bytes)
The first 3 bytes of a MAC address identifies what?
Organization Unique Identifier (OUI)
The last 3 bytes of a MAC address identifies what?
Vendor Assigned ID (Network Interface Controller (NIC)
Neighbor Discover Protocol (NDP) uses what layer 3 protocol to send messages to multicast IPv6 addresses?
ICMPv6
What is PPP and it’s use?
Point to Point Protocol between two directly connected nodes.
Frames are used to transmit data in what over physical media?
frame headers over physical media.
What is full duplex?
send and receive of data simultaneously at the same time
What is half-duplex?
send and receive of data in one direction one at a time
Where type of memory are MAC addresses stored?
CAM (Content Addressable Memory)
The multicast address is a single IP address that is then forwarded to what?
group of devices
What is a unicast address?
single IP address to an interface
What is the stratum in NTP used to determine?
device’s distance to the reference clock.
IP helper address is responsible for the?
Relay and forward of DHCP server information to another router
What is the purpose of the command IP address DHCP?
Automatically acquire IP address on an interface from a DHCP server.
Dynamic routing protocol automatically select what?
best routing paths to route data
cloud computing are self-service computing resources that are what, in a data center?
available on-demand and provisioned in a data center.
What is WAN?
Wide area network of computers, devices and networks connected across cities, states and countries.
MAC address table contains what two things?
IP addresses to physical MAC Address.
What two ways can you setup a router to route packets?
Manual static routes dynamic routing protocols
Switches are responsible for deciding what two things?
What frames to forward or ignore
What happens when a MAC address is not present in the MAC address table?
Flooded/broadcast out of all ports except the originating port.
What protocol prevents routing loops in a switch?
Spanning Tree Protocol
What best describes what the term Cloud means?
computing resources that are hosted in a remote data center
Global unicast IPv6 address are routable or not routable over the internet?
routable
IPv6 unique local address are just like what type of addresses?
IPv4 address
What type of IPv6 addresses communicate with other nodes on the same link?
Link Local Address
Are Link local address mandatory on IPv6 interfaces? Yes/No
Yes
IPv6 anycast address is used to allow multiple machines to share what for redundancy and reliablity?
same IP address
Packet sent to a multicast address is forwarded to the nearest what?
Router
What 4 letters are inserted at first 48-bits of an EUI-64 address?
FFFE
What is the default Cisco aging time?
5 mins (300s)
What happens when a MAC address is no longer valid in the MAC address table?
It’s removed
What two IPv6 protocols can be used to assign automatically assign IPv6 addresses to interface?
(SLACC) Stateless Address Auto Configuration Stateful (DHCPv6)
What messaging protocol is used to distribute IPv6 messages sent out all nodes via a multicast address?
ICMPv6 (Internet Control Message Protocol)
In IPv6 when an interface is attempting to acquire an IPv6 address what is displayed?
:: (Unspecified or Unknown address)
What is an actual vector?
one or more points that connect with other points.
(Think of Vector Art)
Wildcard mask specify available range of IP address to?
check/use on a network
What is a broadcast IP address?
Network address that’s connected to all devices on a network
What type of domain suffix is .onion TLDs?
special-use top level domain suffix
Where does the term Tor .onion mean?
The Onion Router
Are .onion TLD actual DNS names? yes/no
no
What does Tor Stand for?
The Onion Router
How do nodes access the Tor network?
Is a Tor node hosted in a Internet DNS root zone?
software connected through remote proxy nodes
no
::1/128
IPv6 Loopback address
::1 equivalent to 127.0.0.1 IPv4
/128 equivalent to entire IPv6 address space
