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Cell Bio Exam 2 > Nervous Tissue II > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue II Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?

A
  • CNS central nervous system

- PNS peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

The brain and spinal cord are part of which subdivision?

A

CNS

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3
Q

What does the gray matter of the brain consist of?

A
  • nerve cell bodies

- neuroglia

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4
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex.

A

“brain bark”

Multiple layers of nerve cell bodies that form a folded sheet on brain surface

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5
Q

How is the cerebellar cortex different from the cerebral cortex?

A

Location

Cereballar is on the cerbellum; cerebral is on the cerebrum

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6
Q

What are nuclei?

A

-Collections of nerve cell bodies and neuroglia in the CNS

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7
Q

What does the white matter of the brain consist of?

A
  • Mostly myelinated nerve cell axons
  • Some unmyelinated nerve cell axons
  • Neuroglia
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8
Q

What are tracts, fasciculi, or lemnisci?

A

bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and neuroglia in the spinal cord

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9
Q

Why does white matter appear white?

A

-Because of the lipid content of the myelinated axons

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10
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

All the nervous tissue outside the CNS

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11
Q

Which division of nervous system includes nerves, plexuses, and ganglia?

A

PNS

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12
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

To convey sensory input from the environment and internal body parts to the CNS, and to convey neural impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands)

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13
Q

Define ‘nerves’

A

Bundles/cables of nerve cell axons

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14
Q

How many cranial nerves exist? spinal nerves?

A
  • 12 pairs of CN

- 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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15
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A
  • A network of nerves

EX: cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus, periarterial ANS plexus

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16
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

-Collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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17
Q

What is the voluntary nervous system? what does it do?

A
  • Somatic nervous system

- Influences skeletal muscles to produce movement

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18
Q

What is the involuntary nervous system? what does it do?

A
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • aka visceral nervous system
  • Influences smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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19
Q

Name the three division of the ANS.

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

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20
Q

Which division is “fight, fright, or flight”?

A

Sympathetic division

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21
Q

Which division maintains homeostasis?

A

Parasympathetic division

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22
Q

Why is the sympathetic division called the “thoracolumbar outflow” ?

A

Because it connects with the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord at T1-L2/3 levels

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23
Q

Which cranial nerves are part of the “cranial outflow” of the parasympathetic division?

A

CN III, VII, IX, and X

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24
Q

Which spinal nerves are part of the “sacral outflow” of the parasympathetic division?

A

S2, S3, S4

“S2, 3, 4, keep the penis off the floor”

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25
Q

What is the function of the enteric division?

A

Controls peristalsis, gland secretions, blood flow through the GI tract through a collection of neurons embedded in the wall of the GI tract

“brain of the gut” *independent of CNS

26
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction between a neuron (pre-synaptic) and another cell (post-synaptic)

27
Q

Where are action potentials transmitted from cell to cell?

A

At synapses

28
Q

What are the three classifications of synapses based on morphology?

A

1) axodendritic *most common
2) axosomatic
3) axoaxonic *less frequent

29
Q

Where are electrical synapses found in humans?

A

brain stem
retina
cerebral cortex

30
Q

Which type of synapse has gap junctions?

A

Electrical synapses
- The junctions allow ions to pass from cell to cell, resulting in a transmission of impulse that is MORE RAPID than chemical impulses

31
Q

Which type of synapse is associated with neurotransmitters?

A

chemical synapses

32
Q

What does the pre-synaptic terminal consist of ? (4 things)

A

1) presynaptic membrane
2) mictochondria and sER
3) synaptic vesicles
4) presynaptic density

33
Q

What is presynaptic density?

A

Cone-shaped structures that represent the active site of the synapse

34
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

A narrow extracellular space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

35
Q

What does the post-synaptic site consist of? (4 things)

A

1) post synaptic membrane
2) receptor sites for neurotransmitter
3) postynaptic density
4) ligand-gated Na+ channels

36
Q

What is the postsynaptic density?

A

complex of proteins binding neurotransmitter receptors

37
Q

Review the seven steps of synaptic transmission listed in the handout.

A

Did you read?

38
Q

What channels are opened when the action potential reaches the pre-synaptic membrane?

A

Voltage-gated calcium ion channels

39
Q

What causes the synaptic vesicles to approach and attach to the inner surface of the presynaptic membrane?

A

The influx of calcium ions into the presynaptic terminal

40
Q

Describe “kiss and run” fusion.

A

Brief fusion of synaptic vesicle to the presynaptic membane where only part of the contents are released into the cleft

The vesicle disconnects and returns to the active site of presynaptic terminal

41
Q

Describe “collapse” fusion.

A

Synaptic vesicles attach to the presynaptic membrane and empty all of their contents into the cleft

the empty vesicle fuses with the presynpatic membrane

42
Q

What do neurotransmitters bind to within the synaptic cleft?

A

transmitter-gated channels on the post-synaptic membrane

43
Q

What causes a conformational change s of channel proteins, and thus opening of pores, on the post-synaptic membrane?

A

neurotransmitters binding to receptors

44
Q

What opens the voltage-gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane, generating a nerve impulse?

A

Local depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane caused by an influx of sodium ions through pores

45
Q

Where is the choroid plexus located?

A

In the ventricles (hollow cavities) of the brain

46
Q

What does the choroid plexus consist of?

A

Fold of pia matter covered by ependymal cells (simple cuboidal epithelial cells, neuroglia)

47
Q

What are ependymal cells held together by?

A

tight junctions

48
Q

What type of capillaries are found in the choroid plexus?

A

fenestrated (leaky) capillaries

49
Q

What is the composition of CSF?

A

low protein, high sodium, potassium and chloride ion concentrations

90% water and ions, a few lymphocytes

50
Q

How many times a day is CSF replaced?

A

4 times

51
Q

Where does the waste of the brian go?

A

The brain’s metabolic waste products diffuse into the CSF of subarachnoid space

***The brain does NOT contain lymphatic vessels

52
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

By arachnoid villi, it then passes into the bloodstream

53
Q

How many layers does the cerebellar cortex have?

A

3 layers

[superficial -> deep]
molecular layer, purkinje layer (unique to cerebellum), granular layer

54
Q

Where does nerve injury and regeneration occur?

A

in the PNS

55
Q

What are the anterograde changes seen in nerve injury and regeneration?

A

Axonal degeneration and elimination of debris

Occurs distal to the site of injury

56
Q

What are the four anterograde changes seen in nerve injury and regeneration?

A

1) distal segment of axon degenerates
2) elimination of debris by phagocytic cells
3) Schwann cells proliferate
4) Schwann cells form tubes along with their external lamina

57
Q

What are the retrograde changes seen in nerve injury and regeneration?

A

1) chromatolysis
2) axon grows sprouts
3) Schwann cell guide axon growth toward target cell
4) growing axon grows into the endoneurium

58
Q

What are the retrograde changes seen in nerve injury and regeneration?

A

1) chromatolysis
2) axon grows sprouts
3) Schwann cell guide axon growth toward target cell
4) growing axon grows into the endoneurium

*occur proximal to the site of injury

59
Q

What are the four ESSENTIAL components of regeneration?

A

1) macrophages
2) fibroblasts
3) basal lamina
4) Schwann cells

60
Q

Is nerve cell regeneration always successful?

A

Nope

Cell Bio Exam 2 (9 decks)

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