Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Bio Exam 2 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the elements of connective tissue?

A
  • fixed and migratory cells

- extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is in the extracellular matrix?

A
  • ground substance, various fibers (collagen and elastic), differenty types of cells (plasma cells, mast cells, lymphocytes, adipocytes, eosinophils, fibroblasts, blood vessels, etc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functional attributes of connective tissue?

A

1) structure
2) defense and protection (ie physical barrier, phagocytic cells and plasma cells)
3) nutrition
4) fat depot for cushioning, insulation, and energy reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are undifferentiated mesenchymal (stem)cells derived from?

A

mesoderm and in some areas of the body can also come from neural crest cells from ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What types of cells do mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

A
  • chondroblast
  • adipocyte
  • fibroblast
  • mesothelial cells
  • endothelial cells
  • osteoblast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do chondroblasts do?

A
  • further differentiate into chondrocytes

- responsible for synthesis and elaboration of the ECM’s associated cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A
  • further differentiate into osteocytes

- synthesis and elaboration of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chondroblast, adipocyte, fibroblast, mesothelial cells, endothelial cells, and osteoblast are different types of what?

A

connective tissue proper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the types of fixed cells (5)?

A
  • fibroblast
  • myofibroblast
  • adipocytes
  • mast cell
  • macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are fibroblast and fibrocyte classified?

A

by the level of activity
active fibroblasts are highly active
inactive fibroblasts are called quiescent or fibrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What’s the function of active fibroblasts?

A

synthesize and elaborate components of ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What kind of nucleus does fibroblasts have, heterochromatic or euchromatic?

A

euchromatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What types of stains will active fibroblasts take?

A

active fibroblasts are basophilic due the large volume of rER thus basic dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where will the Golgi be seen in active fibroblasts?

A

well-developed Golgi are seen proximate to the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some differences between active fibroblasts and fibrocyte (inactive fibroblasts)?

A

fibrocyte is smaller than fibroblast, has fewer processes than fibroblast and the cytoplasm is more eosinophilc. The nucleus of fibrocytes are elongated and heterochromatic, but the nucleolis are not visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What effect does cortisol have on fibroblast growth?

A

putative antifibrotic activities including inhibition of fibroblast growth and deposition of collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does prolonged administration of cortisol do?

A

decrease in bone volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which cell type plays an important role in wound healing?

A

active fibroblast

- have greater capacity to divide during wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Briefly describe the synthesis of collagen

A

1) start with 3 mRNAs, one for each helix
2) the helices are assembled in rER (hydroxlyation of residues that require vit. C) and soluble propeptides are attached to ends
3) triple helices with soluble propeptides are packaged into transfer vesicles and delivered to Golgi
4) Golgi packages the propeptides into transfer secretory vesicles
5) once released to ECM, the soluble propeptides must be cleaved, this is what causes the helices to aggregate and form collagen fibrils ***important step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the characteristics of myofibroblasts and what contributes to the contractile activity?

A
  • possess characteristics of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
  • contractile activity is due to actin and myosin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Dupuytren’s contracture?

A
  • involves palmar aponeurosis

- contraction of the 4th and 5th digits as increased elaboration of type III collagen contracts with myofibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of leptin and where is it synthesized?

A
  • leptin has endocrine function and it work concert with other hormones to suppress appetite by signaling decreased in caloric intake
  • synthesized by adipocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What surrounds lipid droplets?

A

intermediate filaments of vimentin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What will a mutated leptin receptor lead to?

A

morbid obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are lipodystrophies?

A
  • could be acquired or genetic defect leading to the loss of body fat, may be general or confined to specific body regions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of adipocytes form white adipose tissue?

A

unilocular adipocytes (one large droplet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What type of adipocytes form brown adipose tissue?

A

multilocular adipocytes (multiple fat droplets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the difference between the nucleus in unilocular and multilocular adipocytes?

A

unilocular - nucleus is at periphery

multilocular - nucleus is centrally located.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of stain would the cytoplasm of multilocular adipocytes take?

A

due to the large volume of mitochondria, the cytoplasm is acidophilic thus acid dyes

30
Q

What is the function of brown fat?

A

to provide heat due to its uncoupling nature (ATP synthase is bypassed)

31
Q

What is a signature feature of mast cells in stains?

A

metachromatic granules

32
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A
  • contains secretory vesicles with heparin, histamine, chemotaxic factors that attract eosinophils, neutrophils, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes
  • upon binding of immune complex to the FC receptor on the cell surface, it will massively release its contents
33
Q

The release of chemotaxic factors will lead to…

A

increased mucous, vasodilation, and bronchospasms due to leukotrienes (inflammation and hypersensitivity reactions)

34
Q

What kind of effects do guaifenesin and pseudoephedrine of mucinex have?

A

guaifenesin - expectorant

pseudoephedrine - vasoconstrictor

35
Q

What type of cells are macrophages derived from?

A

monocyte

36
Q

How are macrophages activated?

A

upon signaling, monocytes migrate into the connective tissue compartment and transforms into an activated macrophages

37
Q

Describe the cellular features of macrophages

A

nucleus is centrally located with an indentation, well developed rER and Golgi to form lysosomes (for phagocytosis)

38
Q

What are referred to as giant cells and what produces them?

A

macrophages fuse together in states of *chronic inflammation to form giant cells

39
Q

What other types of phagocytic cells are derived from monocytes?

A

microglia, Kupffer cells (liver), alvelar macrophages (lungs), and osteoclasts (blood)

40
Q

What are migratory cells?

A
  • cells that migrate into connective tissues from blood

- plasma cells and leukocytes

41
Q

What is the precursor to plasma cell?

A

B lymphocyte

42
Q

What are 3 signature features of plasma cell?

A
  • basophilia
  • large negative Golgi
  • clock face nucleus
43
Q

Basophilia of plasma cells are due to…

A

large volume of rER for protein and antibody synthesis

44
Q

Large negative Golgi of plasma cells are due to…

A
  • packaging of antibodies that are synthesized by rER

* there are no secretory vesicles because antibodies are immediately secreted (constitutive pathway)

45
Q

Clock face nucleus of plasma cells are due to…

A

euchromatin and heterochromatin forming positions on a clock (tongue-like extenstions)

46
Q

In response to inflammation, what type of cells arrive to the tissues first and is followed by what?

A

neutrophils (first wave peaks at day 1)
- clean up and remove damaged tissue
monocytes/macrophages (second wave starts ~2 days after damage)

47
Q

What are the different classifications of connective tissue?

A

embryonic, proper, and specialized

48
Q

What are the two subclasses of embryonic CT?

A

mesenchymal and mucus (m&m)

49
Q

What are the two subclasses of CT proper?

A

loose and dense

50
Q

What are the subclasses of specialized CT?

A

adipose, reticular, cartilage, bone and blood

51
Q

Which is the least differentiated CT?

A

mesenchymal

52
Q

What type of CT is abundant, viscous, amorphous with hyaluronic acid, GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins?

A

loose CT

53
Q

What types of cells are found in loose CT?

A 
fibroblasts
macrophages
adipose cells
mast cells
undifferentiated cells
54
Q

Where are loose CTs found?

A

immediately deep to epithelium and surrounds blood vessels

55
Q

Describe the fibers found in dense regular collagenous CT.

A

densely packed, parallel array of type I collagen

- scattered elastic fibers

56
Q

What type of cells are found in dense regular collagenous CT?

A

fibroblasts are found scattered and flattened between collagen bundles

57
Q

What are examples of dense regular collagenous CT?

A

tendons and ligaments

58
Q

How are ligaments different than tendons?

A

ligaments’ fibers are less regularly arranged, higher % of ground substance, and a greater mixture of elastic fibers (stretchier)

59
Q

What type of CT is sparse, viscous, amorphous with hyaluronic acid, GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins?

A 
dense CT (collagenous, regular elastic and irregular) 
* note the difference between this and loose CT (abundant)
60
Q

What are examples of dense regular elastic CT?

A

ligamenta flava
suspensory ligament of the penis
vocal ligament
arteries

61
Q

Describe the fibers found in dense regular elastic CT.

A

elastin forms thin sheets of fenestrated membranes

- elastic fibers branch and run parallel to one another

62
Q

What are lamellae and laminae elastic fibers? Where are they found?

A

they both lack microfibrils (to form fibers)

- found in blood vessels

63
Q

What’s the difference between dense regular and irregular CT?

A

dense regular is arranged in a parallel fashion and dense irregular is not

64
Q

Where are dense irregular CT found?

A

organ capsules, dermis of skin, and sleeve around nerves

65
Q

Defect in type I collagen will lead to which disease?

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

  • hyperelasticity of skin
  • hypermobility of joints “double jointed” (more prone to dislocation)
66
Q

Elastic fibers in the dermis is susceptible to which kind of damage over time?

A

UV light, once elastic fibers are damaged, they are not replaced or repaired

67
Q

Which type of fibers is reticular tissue made of?

A

type III collagen

68
Q

Where are reticular tissues found (organ)?

A

liver, red bone marrow, and lymphatic tissues/organs

69
Q

What kind of amounts of ground substance would be found in reticular tissue?

A

little ground substance

70
Q

What kind of fibers are found between adipocytes?

A

reticular fibers

71
Q

Where are adipose found?

A

subcutaneous areas and abdominal cavity

Cell Bio Exam 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions