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A&P I Exam 3 > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are enclosed and protected by the cranium and vertebral column

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

consists of nervous tissue outside of the CNS;

composed of nerves and ganglia

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3
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

considered to be part of the PNS

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4
Q

Neuron (Nerve Cell)

A

conduct nerve impulses or action potentials; composed of
dendrites
cell body/ soma
axon

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5
Q

dendrites

A

pick up message & send to Cell Body

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6
Q

cell body/ soma

A

contain nucleus & translate message

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7
Q

axon

A

sends translated message to target; longest part of neuron

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8
Q

Supporting cells (glial cells/ neuroglia)

A

are NOT neurons; 4 found in
Central Nervous System; Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal Cells,
2 found in Peripheral Nervous System:
Schwann Cells, Amphicytes

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9
Q

astrocytes

A

maintain blood/ brain barrier

cerebral spinal fluid and blood stay away from each other

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10
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin

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11
Q

microglia

A

phagocytic

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12
Q

ependymal cells

A

produce CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

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13
Q

Schwann cells

A

produce myelin

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14
Q

amphicytes

A

may support or protect damaged neurons

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15
Q

Classes of neurons

A

afferent (sensory)
efferent (motor)
interneurons( association neurons)

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16
Q

afferent (sensory) neurons

A

transmit information toward CNS

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17
Q

efferent (motor) neurons

A

transmit information from CNS

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18
Q

interneurons (association neurons)

A

transmit information within CNS

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19
Q

multipolar neuron

A

many branches off cell body;

located in CNS

MOST COMMON

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20
Q

bipolar neuron

A

two branches off cell body;

found in retina; olfactory cells

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21
Q

unipolar neuron

A

one branch off cell body; neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord

located in PNS

22
Q

anaxonic neuron

A

multiple dendrites, but no axon; do not produce action potentials;

found in retina (process visual contrast)

23
Q

depolarization

A

Sodium enters neuron (+30 mv)

24
Q

repolarization

A

Potassium exits neuron (-70 mv)

25
Q

hyperpolarization

A

more Potassium exits neuron (about -80 mv)

26
Q

activation of sodium/potassium pump

A

3 sodium exit / 2 potassium enter

27
Q

mover toward threshold

A

minimum voltage needed to start the nerve impulse

usually – 55 mv

28
Q

types of conduction

A

saltatory

continuous

29
Q

saltatory conduction

A

myelinated axons; faster conduction (impulse jumps from node of
Ranvier to node of Ranvier); type A axons (largest diameter; 300 mph impulse;
ex: danger & reflex) (skeletal muscle)
type B axons (smaller diameter; 40 mph impulse; quick pain;
ex: needle)
theres pain and then it goes away

30
Q

continuous conduction

A

unmyelinated axons; slower conduction (impulse travels entire length of axon); type C axons (smallest diameter; 2 mph impulse;
ex: throbbing pain i.e. angina)
angina: heart isn’t getting enough oxygen
pain doesn’t go away

31
Q

components of a chemical synapse

A

Terminal end of pre-synaptic axon

Synaptic Vesicles (within pre-synaptic axon; contain NT’s)

Synaptic Cleft (space)

Postsynaptic Cell (target of NT’s)

32
Q

neurotransmitter storage and release

A

Action Potential (nerve impulse) reaches terminal end of the pre-synaptic axon

Voltage-gated Calcium channels open

Calcium enters the terminal end of the pre-synaptic axon

Neurotransmitter release and diffusion into the Synaptic Cleft

Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the Postsynaptic Cell

Neurotransmitter is removed from the Synaptic Cleft

33
Q

SNARE Proteins

A

are proteins in the nerve terminal; are involved in moving synaptic vesicles to terminal for release of NT into synaptic cleft)

34
Q

Synaptotagmin

A

a protein present in the wall of the synaptic vesicle; helps bind calcium; and helps stimulate the process of exocytosis)

35
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

at neuron-muscular junction

stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles

released by cholinergic neurons

binds to Nicotinic Receptors (respond to the drug Nicotine)

degraded by the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase; ( Sarin nerve gas, inhibits this enzyme, and Ach builds up; results in uncontrolled muscle contractions and then paralysis ).

36
Q

Catecholamines

A

dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

37
Q

dopamine

A

muscle coordination; decreased dopamine leads to Parkinson’s disease; muscle tremors; treated by drug L-DOPA

L-DOPA is a mood elevation
Parkinson’s disease is when one doesn’t produce enough dopamine

38
Q

Norepinephrine

A

also hormone in adrenal medulla

39
Q

Epinephrine

A

also hormone in adrenal medulla; increases heart and respiratory rates; opens air passages

40
Q

Seratonin

A

( formed from the amino acid tryptophan )

at least 16 types of receptors

may help regulate food intake; mood; and anxiety ( possible anti-depressant and decrease appetite )

Paxil – is a serotonin re-uptake blocker; increases concentration of Serotonin; aids in the treatment of depression

41
Q

Histamine

A

aids in the allergic response

attracts macrophages to remove the allergen (invader)

42
Q

Glutamate

A

many receptors

plays role in brain cell death after injury; releases toxic levels of intra-cellular calcium which kills neurons

use receptor antagonists to help minimize spread of cell death following injury to the brain

43
Q

GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid)

A

binds to ionotropic receptor; increases chloride flux into cell

these receptors also bind Xanax and Valium; help reduce anxiety; guard against seizures; and induce sleep; GABA may induce sleep

44
Q

what are the types of Amino Acids

A

GABBA
Glutamate
Glycine

45
Q

Glycine

A

regulate skeletal muscle contractions

neurotoxin Strychnine is an antagonist of the Glycine receptor; leads to convulsions; spastic skeletal muscle contractions; and death due to paralysis of respiratory muscles

46
Q

Neuropeptides

A

( 85 types; contain 2 or more amino acids )

 One type is:    Substance P – involved in pain sensation; transmission of pain impulses from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system;  Naked Mole Rats lack substance P and do not feel pain.
47
Q

types of Neural circuit

A

diverging circuit

converging circuit

reverberating circuit

parallel after discharge circuit

48
Q

diverging circuit

A

One nerve fiber branches and synapses with several post-synaptic cells

Each of those may synapse with many more, so input from one neuron may produce output through hundreds of neurons

Example – one motor neuron of the brain can stimulate thousands of muscle fibers

49
Q

Converging Circuit

A

Input from many nerve fibers is funneled to one neuron or neural pool

Examples:

Such arrangement allows input from your eyes, inner ears, and stretch receptors in your neck to be directed to an area of the brain concerned with the sense of balance

A respiratory center in your brainstem receives input from other parts of your brain, from receptors for blood chemistry in your arteries, and from stretch receptors in your lungs; the respiratory center can then produce an output that takes all of these factors into account and sets an appropriate pattern of breathing

50
Q

Reverberating Circuit

A

Neurons stimulate each other in a linear sequence such as A > B > C > D;
but neuron C sends an axon collateral back to A

As a result, every time C fires it not only stimulates output neuron D, but also re-stimulates A and starts the process over

Such a circuit produces a prolonged or repetitive effect that lasts until one or more neurons in the circuit fail to fire, or an inhibitory signal from another source stops one of them from firing

Examples:
A reverberating circuit sends repetitious signals to your diaphragm and intercostal muscles to make you inhale; when the circuit stops firing, you exhale; the next time it fires, you inhale again
May also be involved in short-term memory
May play a role in uncontrolled “storms” of neural activity that occur in epilepsy

51
Q

Parallel after discharge circuit

A

An input neuron diverges to stimulate several chains of neurons

Each chain has a different number of synapses, but eventually they all re-converge on a single output neuron; their signals arrive at the output neuron at different times

The output neuron may go on firing for some time after input has ceased

No feedback loop; once all of the neurons in the circuit have fired, the output ceases

Continued firing after the discharge has stopped is called after-discharge

Examples:

When you stare at a lamp, then close your eyes, and continue to see the image of it for a while

Important in withdrawal reflexes; in which a brief pain produces a longer lasting output to the limb muscles and causes you to draw back your hand or foot from danger

A&P I Exam 3 (8 decks)

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