Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards
what are the 3 areas of the brain
forebrain, midbrain, & hindbrain
what are the 5 regions of the brain
Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, & Mylencephalon
what are the parts of the forebrain
cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus
neurohypophysis
what is the function of the frontal lobe
motor
what is the function of the parietal lobe
sensory
what is the function of the temporal lobe
auditory
what is the function of the occipital lobe
visual
what divides the right hemisphere and left hemisphere
longitudinal fissure
what does the right hemisphere do
recognize faces & objects, music & art skills
& emotion
what does the left hemisphere do
language, speech, reading, learning, math, & Science;
found in the Telencephalon
what does the thalamus do
sorts messages & sends to appropriate lobe of Cerebrum;
found in the Diencephalon
what does the hypothalamus do
regulates temperature, hunger, thirst, & sex drive;
found in the Diencephalon
what does the neurohypophysis do
part of posterior pituitary gland; looks like nervous tissue; releases ADH & oxytocin
what are the parts of the midbrain
superior colliculi
inferior colliculi
cerebral peduncles
what does the superior colliculi do
process visual information;
found in the Mesencephalon
what does the inferior colliculi
process auditory information;
found in the Mesencephalon
what does the cerebral peduncles do
process motor information;
found in the Mesencephalon
what are the parts of the hindbrain
cerebellum
pons
medulla oblongata
what does the cerebellum do
balance & motor coordination;
arbor vitae/tree of life – white matter is inner tissue in brain;
found in the Metencephalon
what does the pons do
regulates timing of inhalation;
apneustic center – extends;
pneumotaxic center – decreases;
found in the Metencephalon
what does the medulla oblongata do
brainstem;
attached brain to spinal cord;
regulates vital functions;
found in the Mylencephalon
meninges
Connective tissue membranes that envelop the brain (and spinal cord)
Protect brain and provide structural framework for its arteries and veins
dura mater
outer membrane; fibrous connective tissue; adjacent to skull; cushion and protect
arachnoid mater
middle membrane; web-like; filters CSF (cerebro-spinal fluid)
pia mater
inner membrane; touches brain; passage of blood vessels and nerves
flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
*have to know
1.CSF is secreted by choroid plexus in each lateral ventricle
- CSF flows through interventricular foramina into third ventricle
- Choroid plexus in third ventricle adds more CSF
- CSF flows down cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle
- Choroid plexus in fourth ventricle adds more CSF
- CSF flows out two lateral apertures and one median aperture
- CSF fills subarachnoid space and bathes external surfaces of brain and spinal cord
- At arachnoid granulations, CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood of dural venous sinuses
functions of CSF
- buoyancy
- protection
- chemical stability
- prevention of brain ischemia
- clearing waste
buoyancy
the brain exists in neutral buoyancy, which allows the brain to maintain its density without being impaired by its own weight
protection
CSF protects/ cushions the brain tissue from injury when jolted or hit
chemical stability
can control glycine concentration, temperature, pH balance
prevention of brain ischemia
The prevention of brain ischemia (insufficient blood flow to the brain) is made by decreasing the amount of CSF in the limited space inside the skull. This decreases totalintracranial pressure and facilitates bloodperfusion.
clearing waste
CSF has been shown by the research group ofMaiken Nedergaardto be critical in the brain’slymphatic system, which plays an important role in flushing metabolic toxins or waste from the brain’s tissues’ cellular interstitial fluid (ISF).CSF flushing of wastes from brain tissue is further increased during sleep, which results from the opening of extracellular channels controlled through the contraction of glials cells, which allows for the rapid influx of CSF into the brain.These findings indicate that CSF may play a large role during sleep in clearing metabolic waste, likebeta amyloid, that are produced by the activity in the awake brain.
alpha waves
are recorded especially in the Parieto-occipital area; they dominate when a person is awake and resting, with the eyes closed and the mind wandering; they are suppressed when the person opens the eyes, receives specific sensory stimulation, or engages in a mental task such as performing mathematical calculations
beta waves
occur in the frontal to parietal region; they dominate during mental activity and sensory stimulation
theta waves
are normal in children and in drowsy or sleeping adults; presence in awake adults suggests emotional stress or brain disorders
delta waves
exhibited in awake infants; exhibited in adults in deep sleep; presence in awake adults indicates serious brain damage
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory; smell;
if damaged: loss of smell
Cranial Nerve II
Optic; vision;
if damaged: blindness
Cranial Nerve III
Oculomotor; eye movement & lid tone;
if damaged:drooping upper eye lid
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear; move eye superior;
if damaged: eye looks down
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal; facial muscles;
if damaged:paralysis of facial muscles
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens; lateral eye movement;
if damaged: eye pulled medial (cross-eyed)
Cranial Nerve VII
Facial; taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue;
if damaged: loss of taste
Cranial Nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear; posture & hearing;
if damaged: loss of balance & hearing
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal; taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue;
if damaged: loss of taste
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus; muscles of viscera;
if damaged: loss of organ function
Cranial Nerve XI
Accessory; swallowing & head movement;
if damaged: difficulty in swallowing
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal; speech & swallowing;
if damaged: difficulty in speaking & swallowing
