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nervous sytem Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total body weight of the nervous system?

A

3 % of total body weight with mass of only 2 kg

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2
Q

two divisions:

A

CNS AND PNS
Central Nervous Tissue
Peripheral Nervous tissue

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3
Q

Neurology

A

deals with normal functioning and disorders of the nervous tissue

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4
Q

Neurologist

A

a physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of the nervous system

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5
Q

What does CNS consist of it?

A

Brain and spinal cord
Brain- located in skull
85 billion neurons

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6
Q

Spinal cord

A

connected to the brain through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone and encircled by the bones of the vertebral column
100 million neuron

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7
Q

PNS consist of

A

all nervous tissue outside CNS

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8
Q

Components of the PNS

A

NERVES AND SENSORY RECEPTORS

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9
Q

Nerve is

A

A bundle of 100-1000 axons associated with connective tissue and blood vessels that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

How many cranial nerves are there and where do they emerge from

A

12
from the brain

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11
Q

How many are there spinal nerves and where they emerge from

A

31
spinal cord

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12
Q

Sensory receptors refers to

A

structure of the nervous system that monitor changes in external or internal environment

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13
Q

examples of sensory receptors

A

touch receptors in skin
photoreceptors in the eye
olfactory receptors in nose

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14
Q

How is PNS divided?

A

Sensory and motor division

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15
Q

What is sensory division?
What is the other name of the sensory division?

A

other name is an afferent division
conveys input into the CNS FROM SENSORY RECEPTORS IN the BODY
This division provides the CNS with sensory information about somatic senses and special senses

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16
Q

What are somatic senses?

A

tacticle, thermal, pain and proprioceptive sensations

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17
Q

What are the special sense?

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium

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18
Q

What is motor or efferent division of the PNS?

A

conveys output from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands

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19
Q

How is the motor or efferent divided further?

A

The division is further divided into somatic nervous system and an autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

What is the somatic nervous system SNS?

A

conveys output from CNS to skeleton muscles

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21
Q

What kind of motor responses are of somatic nervous system?

A

they are consciously controlled, the action of this part of PNS is voluntary

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22
Q

What is autonomic nervous system ANS?

A

conveys output from the CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands

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23
Q

What kind of motor responses are?

A

Motor responses are not normally under conscious control the action of the ANS is involuntary

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24
Q

What are the branches of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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25
Effectors receive innervation from both sympathetic division and parasympathetic division and two division have opposite actions
Neurons from from the sympathetic part increases heart rate and nervous of the parasympathetic division slow down
26
Parasympathertic division part takes care:
rest and digest activities
27
symphatetic division h
helps support exercise or emergency actions so called fight or flight response
28
what is third branch of the ANS
enteric plexuses
29
the activity og what is enteric plexuses
extensive network of over 100 million neuron confined to the wall of the digestive canal
30
What does enteric plexuses regulates?
the activity of the smooth muscles and glands of the digestive canal
31
Three basic functions
Sensory function Integrative function Motor function
32
Sensory function
Sensory receptors detect internal stimuli such as increased blood pressure or external stimuli. This sensory information is carried into the brain and spinal cord through cranial and spinal nerves
33
Integrative functions
The nervous system processes sensory information by analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses and acitivity know as integration
34
Motor function
Once sensory information is integrated, the nervous system may elicit an appropriate motor response by activating effectors' muscles and glands through cranial and spinal nerves. Stimulation of the effectors causes muscle to contract and gland to secret
35
Two types of cell of nervous tissu
neurons and neuroaglia
36
neurons
forms the complex processing networks within the brain and spinal cord and connects all regions of the body to the brain and spinal cord
37
Neurons
highly specialized cells capable reaching great lengths and making intricate connections with other cells
38
neuron
provide most of the unique functions of the nervous system such as sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscle activity and regulating glandular secretions
39
neuron
As result of their specialization most neurons have lost ability undergo mitotic division
40
neuroglia
support nourish and protect neurons and maintain interstitial fluid that bathes them
41
neuroglia
Continue to divide throughout an individual lifetime
42
What does neuron poses?
electrical excitability
43
what is electrical excitability
ability to respond to stimulus and convert it into an action potential
44
stimulus
any change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate a nerve impulse
45
nerve impulse or action potential
an electrical signal that propagates (travel) along the surface of the membrane of a neuron
46
Why does it begin and travel ?
due to the movements of the ion=s such as sodium and potassium between interstitial fluid and inside the neuron through specific ion channels in its plasma membrane
47
how does nerve impulse travel?
rapidly and at constant strength
48
what kind of the neurons are there
tiny-propagates nerve impulses over a short distance within CNS others are the longest cells in the body
49
what are 3 parts of neuron
the cell body dendrites an axon
50
What is the other name for the cell body?
perikaryon soma
51
Cell body contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that include typical cellular organelles
lysosomes mitochondria golgi complex
52
nissl bodies
Prominent clusters of the rough endoplasmic reticulum to synthesise proteins to replace cellular components, material for the growth of neurons and to regenerate damaged axons in ONS
53
what does cytoskeleton include
neurofibrils= composed of bundles of intermediate filaments that provide cell shape and support microtubules assist in moving materials between the cell body and axons
54
what is lipofuscin
Aging neurons contains lipofuscin, a pigment that occurs as clumps of yellowish-brown granules in the cytoplasm
55
what is lipofuscin
a product of neuronal lysosome that accumulates as neuron ages but does not harm the neuron
56
plasma membrane of neuronal cell body
ranges from smooth to very bumpy
57
why is plasma membrane bumpy?
caused by many small projections of plasma membrane SOMATIC SPINES
58
wHAT IS SOMATIC SPINES
Receptor sites that bind chemical messengers from other neuron
59
what does the somatic spines do
increases the surfaces area for interactions with other neuron
60
ganglion
a collection of neurnal cell bodies outside the CNS
61
Nerve fiber
General term for any neuronal process (extension) that emerges from the cell body of a neuron. Most neurons have two kinds of processes, multiple dendrites and a single axon
62
dendrites
receiving or input portion of the neuron -short, tapering and highly branched -form a tree-shaped branch array of processes extending from the cell body
63
Dendritic spines
The plasma membrane of dendritic contains numerous receptor sites for binding chemical messenger from other neurons
64
Axon
The long thin cylindrical projection that often joins to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock.
65
initial segments
the part of the axon closest to the axon hillock
66
where does the nerve impulse arise
AT THE JUNCTION OF THE AXON HILLOCK AND INITIAL SEGMENTS
67
What is the name of the area at junction of the axon hillock and initial segments where nerve impulse arise
trigger zone
68
components of axon
MITOCHONDRIA, MICROTUBULES NEUROFIBRILS
69
What doesnt axon has
rough endoplasmic reticulum is not present so protein synthesis does not occur
70
the name of the cytoplasm of the axon
axonplasm
71
wha is asoplasma surronded by?
plasma membrane called axolemma
72
axon collaterals
side branches along the length of the axon on the right side to the axon
73
axon terminal or axon telodendria
The axon and its collaterals end by by dividing into many fine processes axon terminal terminals
74
What is the name of the site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and effector cell
synapse
75
what is synaptic end bulb and varicosities
The tips of some axon terminals swell into the bulb-shaped structure, while others exhibit a string of swollen bumps called varicosities
76
what do synaptic end bulbs and varicosities contain
Many tiny membrane-enclosed sacs called synaptic vesicles that store chemical called a neurotransmitter
77
what is a neurotransmitter
a molecule released from synaptic vesicles that excite or inhibits another neuron, muscle fibres or gland cells
78
The two types of transport systems carry materials from the cell body to the axon terminal and back because some substances synthesized or recycled in the neuronal cell body are needed in the axon or at the axon terminal
Slow axonal transport - it conveys axoplasm one way only from the cell body towards the axonal terminal. fast axonal transport-capable moving materials a distance of 200-400 mm per day, uses proteins that function as a motor to move materials along the surface of microtubules of the neuron's cytoskeleton -it moves material in both directions, away from and towards the cell body
79
anterograde direction
fast axonal transport that occur in foward direction moves organelles and synaptic vesicles from cell body to axon terminal
80
retrograde
Fast axonal transport that occurs backward direction moves membrane vesicles and other cellular materials from the axon terminals to the cell body to be degraded or recycled
81
substances that enter the neuron at the axon terminals are also moved to the cell body by fast retrograde transports
Ex trophic chemicals such as nerve growth factor and harmful agents such as tetanus toxin and viruses that cause rabies, herpes simplex and polio

anatomy and physiology (12 decks)

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