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anatomy and physiology > nervous sytem > Flashcards

nervous sytem Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total body weight of the nervous system?

A

3 % of total body weight with mass of only 2 kg

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2
Q

two divisions:

A

CNS AND PNS
Central Nervous Tissue
Peripheral Nervous tissue

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3
Q

Neurology

A

deals with normal functioning and disorders of the nervous tissue

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4
Q

Neurologist

A

a physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of the nervous system

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5
Q

What does CNS consist of it?

A

Brain and spinal cord
Brain- located in skull
85 billion neurons

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6
Q

Spinal cord

A

connected to the brain through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone and encircled by the bones of the vertebral column
100 million neuron

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7
Q

PNS consist of

A

all nervous tissue outside CNS

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8
Q

Components of the PNS

A

NERVES AND SENSORY RECEPTORS

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9
Q

Nerve is

A

A bundle of 100-1000 axons associated with connective tissue and blood vessels that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

How many cranial nerves are there and where do they emerge from

A

12
from the brain

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11
Q

How many are there spinal nerves and where they emerge from

A

31
spinal cord

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12
Q

Sensory receptors refers to

A

structure of the nervous system that monitor changes in external or internal environment

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13
Q

examples of sensory receptors

A

touch receptors in skin
photoreceptors in the eye
olfactory receptors in nose

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14
Q

How is PNS divided?

A

Sensory and motor division

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15
Q

What is sensory division?
What is the other name of the sensory division?

A

other name is an afferent division
conveys input into the CNS FROM SENSORY RECEPTORS IN the BODY
This division provides the CNS with sensory information about somatic senses and special senses

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16
Q

What are somatic senses?

A

tacticle, thermal, pain and proprioceptive sensations

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17
Q

What are the special sense?

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium

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18
Q

What is motor or efferent division of the PNS?

A

conveys output from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands

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19
Q

How is the motor or efferent divided further?

A

The division is further divided into somatic nervous system and an autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

What is the somatic nervous system SNS?

A

conveys output from CNS to skeleton muscles

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21
Q

What kind of motor responses are of somatic nervous system?

A

they are consciously controlled, the action of this part of PNS is voluntary

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22
Q

What is autonomic nervous system ANS?

A

conveys output from the CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands

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23
Q

What kind of motor responses are?

A

Motor responses are not normally under conscious control the action of the ANS is involuntary

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24
Q

What are the branches of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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25
Q

Effectors receive innervation from both sympathetic division and parasympathetic division and two division have opposite actions

A

Neurons from from the sympathetic part increases heart rate and nervous of the parasympathetic division slow down

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26
Q

Parasympathertic division part takes care:

A

rest and digest activities

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27
Q

symphatetic division h

A

helps support exercise or emergency actions so called fight or flight response

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28
Q

what is third branch of the ANS

A

enteric plexuses

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29
Q

the activity og what is enteric plexuses

A

extensive network of over 100 million neuron confined to the wall of the digestive canal

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30
Q

What does enteric plexuses regulates?

A

the activity of the smooth muscles and glands of the digestive canal

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31
Q

Three basic functions

A

Sensory function
Integrative function
Motor function

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32
Q

Sensory function

A

Sensory receptors detect internal stimuli such as increased blood pressure or external stimuli.
This sensory information is carried into the brain and spinal cord through cranial and spinal nerves

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33
Q

Integrative functions

A

The nervous system processes sensory information by analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses and acitivity know as integration

34
Q

Motor function

A

Once sensory information is integrated, the nervous system may elicit an appropriate motor response by activating effectors’ muscles and glands through cranial and spinal nerves.
Stimulation of the effectors causes muscle to contract and gland to secret

35
Q

Two types of cell of nervous tissu

A

neurons and neuroaglia

36
Q

neurons

A

forms the complex processing networks within the brain and spinal cord and connects all regions of the body to the brain and spinal cord

37
Q

Neurons

A

highly specialized cells
capable reaching great lengths and making intricate connections with other cells

38
Q

neuron

A

provide most of the unique functions of the nervous system such as sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscle activity and regulating glandular secretions

39
Q

neuron

A

As result of their specialization most neurons have lost ability undergo mitotic division

40
Q

neuroglia

A

support nourish and protect neurons and maintain interstitial fluid that bathes them

41
Q

neuroglia

A

Continue to divide throughout an individual lifetime

42
Q

What does neuron poses?

A

electrical excitability

43
Q

what is electrical excitability

A

ability to respond to stimulus and convert it into an action potential

44
Q

stimulus

A

any change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate a nerve impulse

45
Q

nerve impulse or action potential

A

an electrical signal that propagates (travel) along the surface of the membrane of a neuron

46
Q

Why does it begin and travel ?

A

due to the movements of the ion=s such as sodium and potassium between interstitial fluid and inside the neuron through specific ion channels in its plasma membrane

47
Q

how does nerve impulse travel?

A

rapidly and at constant strength

48
Q

what kind of the neurons are there

A

tiny-propagates nerve impulses over a short distance within CNS
others are the longest cells in the body

49
Q

what are 3 parts of neuron

A

the cell body
dendrites
an axon

50
Q

What is the other name for the cell body?

A

perikaryon
soma

51
Q

Cell body contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that include typical cellular organelles

A

lysosomes
mitochondria
golgi complex

52
Q

nissl bodies

A

Prominent clusters of the rough endoplasmic reticulum to synthesise proteins to replace cellular components, material for the growth of neurons and to regenerate damaged axons in ONS

53
Q

what does cytoskeleton include

A

neurofibrils= composed of bundles of intermediate filaments that provide cell shape and support
microtubules assist in moving materials between the cell body and axons

54
Q

what is lipofuscin

A

Aging neurons contains lipofuscin, a pigment that occurs as clumps of yellowish-brown granules in the cytoplasm

55
Q

what is lipofuscin

A

a product of neuronal lysosome that accumulates as neuron ages but does not harm the neuron

56
Q

plasma membrane of neuronal cell body

A

ranges from smooth to very bumpy

57
Q

why is plasma membrane bumpy?

A

caused by many small projections of plasma membrane SOMATIC SPINES

58
Q

wHAT IS SOMATIC SPINES

A

Receptor sites that bind chemical messengers from other neuron

59
Q

what does the somatic spines do

A

increases the surfaces area for interactions with other neuron

60
Q

ganglion

A

a collection of neurnal cell bodies outside the CNS

61
Q

Nerve fiber

A

General term for any neuronal process (extension) that emerges from the cell body of a neuron.
Most neurons have two kinds of processes, multiple dendrites and a single axon

62
Q

dendrites

A

receiving or input portion of the neuron
-short, tapering and highly branched
-form a tree-shaped branch array of processes extending from the cell body

63
Q

Dendritic spines

A

The plasma membrane of dendritic contains numerous receptor sites for binding chemical messenger from other neurons

64
Q

Axon

A

The long thin cylindrical projection that often joins to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock.

65
Q

initial segments

A

the part of the axon closest to the axon hillock

66
Q

where does the nerve impulse arise

A

AT THE JUNCTION OF THE AXON HILLOCK AND INITIAL SEGMENTS

67
Q

What is the name of the area at junction of the axon hillock and initial segments where nerve impulse arise

A

trigger zone

68
Q

components of axon

A

MITOCHONDRIA, MICROTUBULES
NEUROFIBRILS

69
Q

What doesnt axon has

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum is not present so protein synthesis does not occur

70
Q

the name of the cytoplasm of the axon

A

axonplasm

71
Q

wha is asoplasma surronded by?

A

plasma membrane called axolemma

72
Q

axon collaterals

A

side branches along the length of the axon on the right side to the axon

73
Q

axon terminal or axon telodendria

A

The axon and its collaterals end by by dividing into many fine processes axon terminal terminals

74
Q

What is the name of the site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and effector cell

A

synapse

75
Q

what is synaptic end bulb and varicosities

A

The tips of some axon terminals swell into the bulb-shaped structure, while others exhibit a string of swollen bumps called varicosities

76
Q

what do synaptic end bulbs and varicosities contain

A

Many tiny membrane-enclosed sacs called synaptic vesicles that store chemical called a neurotransmitter

77
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

a molecule released from synaptic vesicles that excite or inhibits another neuron, muscle fibres or gland cells

78
Q

The two types of transport systems carry materials from the cell body to the axon terminal and back because some substances synthesized or recycled in the neuronal cell body are needed in the axon or at the axon terminal

A

Slow axonal transport - it conveys axoplasm one way only from the cell body towards the axonal terminal.

fast axonal transport-capable moving materials a distance of 200-400 mm per day, uses proteins that function as a motor to move materials along the surface of microtubules of the neuron’s cytoskeleton
-it moves material in both directions, away from and towards the cell body

79
Q

anterograde direction

A

fast axonal transport that occur in foward direction moves organelles and synaptic vesicles from cell body to axon terminal

80
Q

retrograde

A

Fast axonal transport that occurs backward direction moves membrane vesicles and other cellular materials from the axon terminals to the cell body to be degraded or recycled

81
Q

substances that enter the neuron at the axon terminals are also moved to the cell body by fast retrograde transports

A

Ex trophic chemicals such as nerve growth factor and harmful agents such as tetanus toxin and viruses that cause rabies, herpes simplex and polio

anatomy and physiology (12 decks)

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