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Systemic Physiology Unit 1 > Nervous System, Synapses, and Neurotransmitters (Unit 1) > Flashcards

Nervous System, Synapses, and Neurotransmitters (Unit 1) Flashcards

1
Q

main divisions of nervous system

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Integrative
  3. Motor
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2
Q

Sensory Division of nervous system

A

tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory

perceiving sensation from the environment

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3
Q

Integrative Division

A

process information, creation of memory

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4
Q

Motor Division

A

respond to and move about in our environment

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5
Q

Neurons

A

The basic functional unit of the central nervous system

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6
Q

3 major anatomical/structural components of nervous system

A
  1. Soma
  2. Axon
  3. Dendrite
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7
Q

Soma

A

the main body of the neuron

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8
Q

Axon

A

extends from soma to synaptic terminal –> the effector part of neuron (the output side)

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9
Q

Dendrite

A

projections from soma; the sensory portion of neuron (the input side where information is received)

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10
Q

how many neurons in CNS?

A

over 100 billion

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11
Q

how many synaptic connections from input fibers on neuron?

A

anywhere from hundreds to as much as 200,000

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12
Q

Structure of a large neuron in the brain showing its important functional parts.

A

insert pic

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13
Q

Somatosensory axis of the NS function

A

Transmits sensory info from receptors of body surface and some deep structures through peripheral nerves to various sensory processing locations in the CNS

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14
Q

Skeletal motor nerve axis of the NS function

A

Motor functions include stimulation of

  1. Contraction of skeletal muscle
  2. Contraction of smooth muscle in organs
  3. Secretions of active chemical substances by both exocrine and endocrine glands
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15
Q

Major Types of Synapses (2)

A

chemical and electrical

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16
Q

Synapse

A

Junction point from one neuron to the next

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17
Q

Synapse Role in Info Processing

A

Play a role in info processing by performing selective action depending on input and modulation

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18
Q

Synapse determines the _____ nervous signals will spread throughout the NS

A

direction

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19
Q

most synapses in human are _____

A

chemical synapses

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20
Q

chemical synapse: mechanism

A

presynaptic neuron secretes neurotransmitter that acts on receptor proteins in the membrane of the next neuron

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21
Q

affects chemical synapse can have on the succeeding neuron (3)

A
  • excite neuron
  • inhibit neuron
  • modify neuron
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22
Q

electrical synapse: mechanism

A

pre and post neurons are physically connected via gap junctions. Gap junctions allow free movement of ions, so action potentials are directly communicated from the interior of one neuron to the interior of the next neuron

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23
Q

Transmission direction of signals is through electrical synapse

A

bidirectional – allows coordination of activities of large groups/networks of interconnected neurons

24
Q

Chemical synapses always communicate info in

A

ONE DIRECTION —allows for signals to be directed toward specific goals

25
Q

_____ (#) presynaptic terminals about surface of dendrites (80-95%) and soma (5-20%) of motor neuron

A

10,000-200,000

26
Q

% of presynaptic terminals about surface of dendrites vs. soma

A

80-95% and 5-20%

27
Q

Neurons in different locations vary in (4 characteristics)

A
  1. Size of soma
  2. Length, size, # of dendrites
  3. Length, size of axon
  4. # of presynaptic terminals
28
Q

Neurotransmitter binding to GPCR can induce( 4)

A
  1. Opening specific ion channels in postsynaptic membrane —ion channel effects through this mech stay open longer than those activated directly
  2. Activation of cAMP or cGMP
  3. Activation of 1 or more intracellular enzymes
  4. Activation of gene transcription
29
Q

GPCR

A

G-protein coupled receptor

30
Q

NTs that cause opening of cation channels in postsynaptic membrane = (excitatory vs. inhibitory)

A

excitatory

31
Q

NTs that cause opening of anion channels in postsynaptic membrane = (excitatory vs. inhibitory)

A

inhibitory

32
Q

G protein complex consists of:

A

guanosine diphosphate (GDP)
alpha (α) component that is the activator portion of the G protein
beta (β) and gamma (γ) components that are attached to the alpha component

33
Q

G protein complex is found:

A

in the cytosol

34
Q

G protein complex bound to GDP = active vs. inactive.

A

inactive

35
Q

how does the nervous system get long-acting responses/changes in postsynaptic neurons?

A

activation of cell signaling 2nd messenger pathways

36
Q

Mechanisms of excitation of postsynaptic neurons

A

Opening of Na+ channels
Decreased Cl- or K+ conductance
Changes in internal metabolism or gene expression

37
Q

Mechanisms of inhibition of postsynaptic neurons

A

Opening of Cl- channels
Increased K+ conductance
Activation of receptor enzymes that cell metabolic fxn or gene expression

38
Q

Concentration Differences of Ions across the Neuronal Somal Membrane.

A

sodium and chloride high in extracellular fluid, potassium high in intercellular fluid

39
Q

why is there a low concentration of chloride in neurons?

A

negative voltage 9-65 mV) repels the negatively charged chloride ions, forcing them outward through channels until the concentration is much less inside the membrane than outside.

40
Q

resting membrane potential of spinal motor neuron soma

A

-65 mV

41
Q

diffusion potential for chloride with respect to neuron cell

A

-70 mV

42
Q

Vm in neurons in the CNS is (less/more) negative than large peripheral neurons

A

less

43
Q

importance of neuron have a less negative membrane potential

A

allows both positive and negative control of the degree of excitability of the neuron

44
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

45
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential process

A
  1. Stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron with
    excitatory NTs causing increased Na
    permeability
  2. Na influx raises the membrane potential to a less
    negative (more positive) potential → EPSP (requires stimulation of multiple presynaptic terminals, not just one!)
  3. If EPSP rises high enough to exceed threshold,
    an AP will occur
46
Q

In EPSP, where does the AP occur?

A

APs are not initiated immediately adjacent to

the synapse, but at the initial segment of the axon

47
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

48
Q

Neuron in an excited state

A

less negative intraneuronal potential (−45 millivolts) caused by sodium influx

49
Q

Neuron in an inhibited state

A

more negative intraneuronal membrane potential (−70 millivolts) caused by potassium ion efflux, chloride ion influx, or both.

50
Q

IPSP process

A

Increased conductance of Cl- or K+ =
hyperpolarization of the membrane potential –>decrease in membrane potential to a more negative value – makes it harder to get to the action potential threshold

51
Q

spatial summation

A

the effect of summing simultaneous postsynaptic potentials by activating multiple terminals on widely spaced areas of the neuronal membrane

52
Q

temporal summation

A

when successive discharges from a single presynaptic terminal occur rapidly enough such that they add to one another in summation

53
Q

decremental conduction

A

the decrease in membrane potential as it spreads electrotonically along dendrites toward the soma

54
Q

synapses that lie (near/far away from) the soma have far more effect in causing neuron excitation or inhibition that do those that lie (near/far) from the soma

A

near; far

55
Q

do thresholds of neurons vary?

A

tresholds are different for different populations of neurons

56
Q

when excitatory state rises above threshold for action potential, a neuron will:

A

fire repeatedly as long as it stays above the threshold

57
Q

trend for firing rate of neurons

A

increases as excitatory state increases (arbitrary units) but then eventually plateaus at the max firing rate (has to due with the refractory period of the ion channels)

Systemic Physiology Unit 1 (4 decks)

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