Functional Organization and Homeostasis (Unit 1) Flashcards
physiology
the science that is concerned with the function of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical processes involved. 
pathophysiology
the study of disordered body function (i.e., disease) • The basis for clinical medicine 
cells and number in the body
the basic structural and functional unit (~ 100 trillion)
homeostasis and who coined the term
Walter B Cannon coined the term. the maintenance of a stable “milieu interieur” - Claude Bernard
Internal environment
intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
circulatory system nickname
extracellular fluid transport and mixing system
___ heart pumps blood out to go pick stuff up
left
___ is a filter for the body
kidney
characteristic of capillaries
very leaky, allows fluid to flow in and out allowing the fluid to bathe cells and let diffusion happen
intercellular fluid
extracellular fluid between the cells
intracellular fluid
inside the cells
Oxygen: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit
Normal Value: 40 Normal Range: 35 - 45 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 10 - 1000 Unit: mm Hg
Carbon Dioxide: : Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit
Normal Value: 45 Normal Range: 35 - 45 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 5 - 80 Unit: mm Hg
Sodium Ion: : Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit
Normal Value: 142 Normal Range: 138 - 146 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 115 - 175 Unit: mmol/L
Potassium Ion: : Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit
Normal Value: 4.2 Normal Range: 3.8 - 5.0 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 1.5 - 9.0 Unit: mmol/L
Calcium Ion: : Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit
Normal Value: 1.2 Normal Range: 1.0 - 1.4 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 0.5 - 2.0 Unit: mmol/L
Chloride Ion: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit
Normal Value: 106 Normal Range: 103 - 112 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 70 - 130 Unit: mmol/L
Bicarbonate Ion: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit
Normal Value: 24 Normal Range: 24 - 32 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 8 - 45 Unit: mmol/L
Glucose: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit
Normal Value: 90 Normal Range: 75 - 95 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 20 - 1500 Unit: mg/dl
Body Temperature: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit
Normal Value: 98.4 (37.0 C) Normal Range: 98.0 - 98.8 (37.0) Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 65 - 110 (18.3 - 43.3) Unit: degrees F (degrees C)
Acid-Base: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit
Normal Value: 7.4 Normal Range: 7.3 - 7.5 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 6.9 - 8.0 Unit: pH
negative feedback
promotes stability, most common form of feeback, response negates the original disturbance – brings levels back to normal
feed-forward control
anticipates change, common in nervous system, subconscious adaptation to actions
positive feedback
promotes a change in one direction, amplifies a disturbance, rare because it is easy to get out of control
Baroreceptor Reflex
example of negative feedback
Feedback Gain
a measure of the effectiveness of a feedback system; looking at the difference observed; looks at effectiveness of restoring optimal conditions; equation is Gain = correction/error
Hemorrhagic Shock Feedback
example of positive feedback
Action Potential Feedback
Cell Depolarization –> Increased Cell Na Permeability –> Increased Na Influx –> Decreased Cell membrane potential –> Increased Cell Na Permeability ….. 
Cell Composition Percentages
water/ions (fluid): 70 - 85% of cell mass proteins: 10 - 20 % lipids: 2 - 95% carbohydrates: 1 - 6 %
cell membrane lipids
barrier to water and water-soluble substances organized in a bilayer of phospholipid molecules
____ provide specificity to cell membrane
proteins
integral protein
channels, pores, carriers, enzymes receptores, etc. penetrate the membrane
peripheral protein
do not penetrate all the way through the cell membrane; enzymes, intracellular signal mediators
carbohydrates of cell membrane
glycolipids (approx. 10%) glycoproteins (majority of integral proteins) proteoglycans (-) charge of carbohydrate chains repel other (-) charges 
cholesterol of cell membrane
• Present in membranes in varying amounts • Generally decreases membrane FLUIDITY and PERMEABILITY (except in plasma membrane) • Increases membrane FLEXIBILITY and STABILITY
endoplasmic reticulum
a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
the endoplasmic reticulum is a storehouse for ____
calcium
rough ER
also called granular ER; Outer membrane surface covered with ribosomes; Newly synthesized proteins are extruded into the ER matrix
what processing occurs to proteins in the rough ER?
- crosslinked - folded - glycosylated (N-linked) - cleaved
smooth ER
site of lipid synthesis growing ER membrane buds continuously forming transport vesicles that mostly migrate to Golgi
golgi apparatus
- composed of 4 or more stacked layers of flat vesicular structures - receives transport vesicles from smooth ER - substances that were formed in the ER get “processed” here – concentrated, sorted, packaged for secretion
constitutive secretion
secretion that happens randomly
stimulated secretion
secretion that requires a trigger
lysosomes
vesicular organelle formed from budding off Golgi including digestive enzymes
what can lysosomes digest? (3)
- damaged cell parts 2. food particles in the cell 3. unwanted foreign matter (i.e. bacteria)
what hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) do lysosomes have? (5)
phosphatases nucleases proteases lipases anti-bacterial components
lysosomal storage disease
results from absence of one or more hydrolases – absence due to hydrolase not being synthesized, is inactive, or was not properly sorted/packaged
examples of lysosomal storage disease (3)
- Acid Lipase A deficiency - I-cell Disease (non-specific) - Tay Sachs Disease (Hex A)
peroxisomes
contain oxidases; oxidizes substances that could be poisonous to the cell
oxidase
enzyme that promotes oxidation; hydrogen peroxide often made
mitochondria
function is to extract energy from nutrients; spread throughout cytoplasm; vary in amount based on cell type
mitochondria diagram
(screenshot of mitochondria)
nuclear membrane pores
the nuclear membrane is permeated by thousands of pores; each about 100 nm in diameter, (9 nm is functional diameter). selectively permeable to molecules up to 44,000 MW
chromatin
(condensed DNA) is found in the nucleoplasm
endocytosis requires:
ATP and the recruitment of actin and myosin
Nucleolus
• one or more per nucleus • contains RNA and proteins • not membrane delimited • functions to form the granular “subunits” of ribosomes
Steps of endocytosis
- Molecules attach to cell-surface receptors concentrated in clathrin-coated pits - Receptor binding induces invagination
digestion of substances in pinocytic or phagocytotic vesicles
- pinocytic/phagocytic vesicle made - lysosome attaches to the vesicle - lysosome empties acid hydrolases into vesicle - results in digestive vesicle that makes vesicular hydrolases – breaks down proteins, carbs, lipids and other substances - products of the digestion can then diffuse through the vesicle membrane into the cytoplasm - leftover of the vesicle is a residual body of indigestible substances - residual body excreted out of cell through exocytosis
components of cytoskeleton
intermediate filaments microtubules thin filaments thick filaments
intermediate filaments
Comprised of cell-specific fibrillar monomers (e.g. vimentin, neurofilament proteins, keratins, nuclear lamins)
microtubules
• Heterodimers of α and β tubulin • Make up spindle fibers, core of axoneme structure
thin filaments
• F-Actin • Make up “stress fibers” in non-muscle cells
location of cilia
Occurs only on the inside surfaces of the human airway and fallopian tubes
cilium composition
Each cilium is comprised of 11 microtubules • 9 double tubules • 2 single tubules Each cilium is an outgrowth of the basal body and is covered by an outcropping of the plasma membrane.
axoneme
central core of cilium (• 9 double tubules • 2 single tubules)
Ciliary movement requires:
ATP, Ca2+ and Mg2+
Ameboid locomotion
Continual endocytosis at the “tail”and exocytosis at the leading edge of the pseudopodium • Attachment of the pseudopodium is facilitated by receptor proteins carried by vesicles • Forward movement results through interaction of actin and myosin (ATP-dependent)
chemotaxis
Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus
