Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systemic Physiology Unit 1 > Functional Organization and Homeostasis (Unit 1) > Flashcards

Functional Organization and Homeostasis (Unit 1) Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

the science that is concerned with the function of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical processes involved. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pathophysiology

A

the study of disordered body function (i.e., disease) • The basis for clinical medicine 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cells and number in the body

A

the basic structural and functional unit (~ 100 trillion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

homeostasis and who coined the term

A

Walter B Cannon coined the term. the maintenance of a stable “milieu interieur” - Claude Bernard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Internal environment

A

intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

circulatory system nickname

A

extracellular fluid transport and mixing system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___ heart pumps blood out to go pick stuff up

A

left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

___ is a filter for the body

A

kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

characteristic of capillaries

A

very leaky, allows fluid to flow in and out allowing the fluid to bathe cells and let diffusion happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

intercellular fluid

A

extracellular fluid between the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

intracellular fluid

A

inside the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oxygen: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

A

Normal Value: 40 Normal Range: 35 - 45 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 10 - 1000 Unit: mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Carbon Dioxide: : Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

A

Normal Value: 45 Normal Range: 35 - 45 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 5 - 80 Unit: mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sodium Ion: : Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

A

Normal Value: 142 Normal Range: 138 - 146 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 115 - 175 Unit: mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Potassium Ion: : Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

A

Normal Value: 4.2 Normal Range: 3.8 - 5.0 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 1.5 - 9.0 Unit: mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Calcium Ion: : Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

A

Normal Value: 1.2 Normal Range: 1.0 - 1.4 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 0.5 - 2.0 Unit: mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chloride Ion: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

A

Normal Value: 106 Normal Range: 103 - 112 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 70 - 130 Unit: mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bicarbonate Ion: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

A

Normal Value: 24 Normal Range: 24 - 32 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 8 - 45 Unit: mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Glucose: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

A

Normal Value: 90 Normal Range: 75 - 95 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 20 - 1500 Unit: mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Body Temperature: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

A

Normal Value: 98.4 (37.0 C) Normal Range: 98.0 - 98.8 (37.0) Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 65 - 110 (18.3 - 43.3) Unit: degrees F (degrees C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acid-Base: Normal Value, Normal Range, Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit, Unit

A

Normal Value: 7.4 Normal Range: 7.3 - 7.5 Short-Term Non-Lethal Limit: 6.9 - 8.0 Unit: pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

negative feedback

A

promotes stability, most common form of feeback, response negates the original disturbance – brings levels back to normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

feed-forward control

A

anticipates change, common in nervous system, subconscious adaptation to actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

positive feedback

A

promotes a change in one direction, amplifies a disturbance, rare because it is easy to get out of control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

A

example of negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Feedback Gain

A

a measure of the effectiveness of a feedback system; looking at the difference observed; looks at effectiveness of restoring optimal conditions; equation is Gain = correction/error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hemorrhagic Shock Feedback

A

example of positive feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Action Potential Feedback

A

Cell Depolarization –> Increased Cell Na Permeability –> Increased Na Influx –> Decreased Cell membrane potential –> Increased Cell Na Permeability ….. 

29
Q

Cell Composition Percentages

A

water/ions (fluid): 70 - 85% of cell mass proteins: 10 - 20 % lipids: 2 - 95% carbohydrates: 1 - 6 %

30
Q

cell membrane lipids

A

barrier to water and water-soluble substances organized in a bilayer of phospholipid molecules

31
Q

____ provide specificity to cell membrane

A

proteins

32
Q

integral protein

A

channels, pores, carriers, enzymes receptores, etc. penetrate the membrane

33
Q

peripheral protein

A

do not penetrate all the way through the cell membrane; enzymes, intracellular signal mediators

34
Q

carbohydrates of cell membrane

A

glycolipids (approx. 10%) glycoproteins (majority of integral proteins) proteoglycans (-) charge of carbohydrate chains repel other (-) charges 

35
Q

cholesterol of cell membrane

A

• Present in membranes in varying amounts • Generally decreases membrane FLUIDITY and PERMEABILITY (except in plasma membrane) • Increases membrane FLEXIBILITY and STABILITY

36
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

37
Q

the endoplasmic reticulum is a storehouse for ____

A

calcium

38
Q

rough ER

A

also called granular ER; Outer membrane surface covered with ribosomes; Newly synthesized proteins are extruded into the ER matrix

39
Q

what processing occurs to proteins in the rough ER?

A
  • crosslinked - folded - glycosylated (N-linked) - cleaved
40
Q

smooth ER

A

site of lipid synthesis growing ER membrane buds continuously forming transport vesicles that mostly migrate to Golgi

41
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • composed of 4 or more stacked layers of flat vesicular structures - receives transport vesicles from smooth ER - substances that were formed in the ER get “processed” here – concentrated, sorted, packaged for secretion
42
Q

constitutive secretion

A

secretion that happens randomly

43
Q

stimulated secretion

A

secretion that requires a trigger

44
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicular organelle formed from budding off Golgi including digestive enzymes

45
Q

what can lysosomes digest? (3)

A
  1. damaged cell parts 2. food particles in the cell 3. unwanted foreign matter (i.e. bacteria)
46
Q

what hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) do lysosomes have? (5)

A

phosphatases nucleases proteases lipases anti-bacterial components

47
Q

lysosomal storage disease

A

results from absence of one or more hydrolases – absence due to hydrolase not being synthesized, is inactive, or was not properly sorted/packaged

48
Q

examples of lysosomal storage disease (3)

A
  • Acid Lipase A deficiency - I-cell Disease (non-specific) - Tay Sachs Disease (Hex A)
49
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain oxidases; oxidizes substances that could be poisonous to the cell

50
Q

oxidase

A

enzyme that promotes oxidation; hydrogen peroxide often made

51
Q

mitochondria

A

function is to extract energy from nutrients; spread throughout cytoplasm; vary in amount based on cell type

52
Q

mitochondria diagram

A

(screenshot of mitochondria)

53
Q

nuclear membrane pores

A

the nuclear membrane is permeated by thousands of pores; each about 100 nm in diameter, (9 nm is functional diameter). selectively permeable to molecules up to 44,000 MW

54
Q

chromatin

A

(condensed DNA) is found in the nucleoplasm

55
Q

endocytosis requires:

A

ATP and the recruitment of actin and myosin

56
Q

Nucleolus

A

• one or more per nucleus • contains RNA and proteins • not membrane delimited • functions to form the granular “subunits” of ribosomes

57
Q

Steps of endocytosis

A
  • Molecules attach to cell-surface receptors concentrated in clathrin-coated pits - Receptor binding induces invagination
58
Q

digestion of substances in pinocytic or phagocytotic vesicles

A
  • pinocytic/phagocytic vesicle made - lysosome attaches to the vesicle - lysosome empties acid hydrolases into vesicle - results in digestive vesicle that makes vesicular hydrolases – breaks down proteins, carbs, lipids and other substances - products of the digestion can then diffuse through the vesicle membrane into the cytoplasm - leftover of the vesicle is a residual body of indigestible substances - residual body excreted out of cell through exocytosis
59
Q

components of cytoskeleton

A

intermediate filaments microtubules thin filaments thick filaments

60
Q

intermediate filaments

A

Comprised of cell-specific fibrillar monomers (e.g. vimentin, neurofilament proteins, keratins, nuclear lamins)

61
Q

microtubules

A

• Heterodimers of α and β tubulin • Make up spindle fibers, core of axoneme structure

62
Q

thin filaments

A

• F-Actin • Make up “stress fibers” in non-muscle cells

63
Q

location of cilia

A

Occurs only on the inside surfaces of the human airway and fallopian tubes

64
Q

cilium composition

A

Each cilium is comprised of 11 microtubules • 9 double tubules • 2 single tubules Each cilium is an outgrowth of the basal body and is covered by an outcropping of the plasma membrane.

65
Q

axoneme

A

central core of cilium (• 9 double tubules • 2 single tubules)

66
Q

Ciliary movement requires:

A

ATP, Ca2+ and Mg2+

67
Q

Ameboid locomotion

A

Continual endocytosis at the “tail”and exocytosis at the leading edge of the pseudopodium • Attachment of the pseudopodium is facilitated by receptor proteins carried by vesicles • Forward movement results through interaction of actin and myosin (ATP-dependent)

68
Q

chemotaxis

A

Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus

Systemic Physiology Unit 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions