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BME 201 > Nervous System - Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Nervous System - Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

sensory nervous system

A

provides info to the CNS about what’s happening in the external environment
- PNS to CNS

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2
Q

components of sensory nervous system

A
  1. sense organ
  2. receptors (specific stimulus for specific receptors)
  3. pathways to CNS
  4. parts of brain involved in sensory perception
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3
Q

special senses

A
  • taste, smell, hearing, sight, EQ

- receptors are localized in a particular area

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4
Q

general senses

A
  • pain, tactile, pressure, temperature, and proprioception (position, orientation)
  • receptors widely distributed in body
  • divided into somatic senses and visceral senses
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5
Q

somatic senses

A

associated with skin and body in general

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6
Q

visceral senses

A

associated with internal organs

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7
Q

types of sensory receptors

A
  • exteroreceptors (outside environment)

- interoreceptors (inside environment)

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8
Q

sensory receptors (4)

A
  1. mechanoreceptors
  2. thermoreceptors
  3. chemoreceptors
  4. nociceptors
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9
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect changes in pressure or movement

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10
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temperature

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11
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect changes in chemical concentration of substances

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12
Q

nociceptors

A
  • detect tissue damage (eg pain)

- only sense receptors that do not adapt!

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13
Q

nocere

A

“harm”

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14
Q

cutaneous mechanoreceptors (5)

A
  1. pacinian corpuscles
  2. meissner’s corpuscles
  3. merkel’s discs
  4. ruffini’s corpuscle
  5. free nerve endings
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15
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

respond to higher frequency vibration and deep heavy pressure

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16
Q

meissner’s corpuscles

A

respond to lower frequency vibrations and light pressure

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17
Q

merkel’s discs

A

respond to steady touch - pressure

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18
Q

ruffini’s corpuscle

A

respond to push or pull on skin

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19
Q

free nerve endings

A

respond to temperature and pain

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20
Q

sensory modality principles (4)

A
  1. labeled line theory
  2. frequency coding
  3. population coding
  4. adaption
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21
Q

labeled line theory

A
  • stimulus recognized by the place the sensory cells excited in the CNS
  • tells brain where a stimulus is/ what kind it is
22
Q

sensory modality = stimulus modality

A

sensory modality is an identifiable class of sensation

23
Q

frequency coding

A

intense stimuli produce a higher frequency of action potentials

24
Q

population coding

A

more intense stimuli increase the number of cells that participate

25
Q

adaption

A

decrease in sensation that occurs upon continued stimulation

26
Q

sensory perception

A
  • occurs only after impulses are interpreted by the brain
27
Q

steps in sensory perception

A
  1. stimulus acting on a receptor
  2. action potential generated,
  3. impulse conducted to CNS
  4. impulse translated into info in CNS,
  5. info interpreted in CNS
  6. stimulus is PERCEIVED!
28
Q

ascending sensory pathway

A
  1. dorsal column pathways
    • touch + proprioception
  2. spinothalamic tract
    • temperature + pain
29
Q

primary somatosensory cortex: somatotropin representation of of body on cortex

A
  • projections of sensory neurons form a “neural map” of the body
  • adjacent areas of the cortex receiving sensory input from adjacent areas of the body
  • “point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point in the CNS (somatosensory cortex)”
30
Q

descending motor pathways (pyramidal tracts)

A
  1. coritcobulbar tract
  2. ventral corticospinal tract
  3. lateral corticospinal tract
31
Q

corticobulbar tract

A

supplies motor commands to cranial nerve motor nuclei of the head and neck
(face and tongue)

32
Q

ventral corticospinal tract

A

innervates lower motor neurones of the axial and proximal muscles

33
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A

supplies inputs to lower motor neurons controlling the muscles of the distal extremities

34
Q

neuronal processing of motor programs

A
  • motor activity begins in sensory areas together with premotor areas
  • motor control is hierarchical and serial
35
Q

extrapyramidal system - basal ganglia and cerebellum

A
  • both play important roles in coordination of movement
36
Q

vestibular apparatus

A
  • sense of balance originates in sensory hairs cels here
  • utricles and saccules contain hair cells that respond to static gravity
  • ampulla of the three semicircular canals detect acceleration
  • afferent info from here is carried over the cranial nerve and projects to the vestibular nuclei in the medulla (down to spinal cord to maintain posture)
37
Q

general ascending sensory pathways

A
  1. stimulus
  2. sensory organ with receptors
  3. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th order neurons ascend to brain (somatosensory cortex)
  4. pyramidal tracts then extrapyramidal tracts
  5. alpha motor neuron
  6. muscles
38
Q

divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  1. sympathetic (fight or flight)
  2. parasympathetic (rest and digest)
  3. enteric nervous system (restricted to gastrointestinal system)
    - most organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents that usually have opposite effects
39
Q

functions served by autonomic nervous system

A
  1. homeostatic

2. adaptive

40
Q

control of ANS

A
  • internal functions

- involuntary reflexes

41
Q

internal functions controlled by ANS

A

cardiovascular system, digestive, respiratory tract, kidney, etc

42
Q

involuntary reflexes controlled by ANS

A

constriction of pupil, vasodilation of skin and sweating with high body temperature, etc

43
Q

somatic vs autonomic efferents

A

somatic motor system
- single-neuron efferent pathway
autonomic nervous system
- two-neuron efferent pathway (preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron)

44
Q

sympathetic NS efferents

A
  1. sympathetic preganglionic fibers
    • short
    • orientate from thoraco-lumbar segments
  2. autonomic ganglia
    • para-vertebral ganglia (sympathetic chains)
    • pre-vertebral ganglia (unpaired, in abdomen)
  3. sympathetic postganglionic fibers
    • long
    • originate in autonomic ganglia
45
Q

parasympathetic NS efferents

A
  1. parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
    • long
    • originate in the cranial-sacral segments
  2. autonomic ganglia
    • located near or within visceral organs
  3. parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
    • short
46
Q

neurotransmitters used by PSNS vs SNS

A
  • SNS/PSNS: preganglionic synapse uses acetylcholine (nicotinic receptors)
  • SNS: postganglionic synapse uses norepinephrine (alpha and beta receptors)
  • PSNS: postganglionic synapse uses acetylcholine (muscarinic receptors)
47
Q

postganglionic neurons: adrenergic receptors

A

metabotropic receptors:

  • excitatory alpha 1
  • inhibitory alpha 2
  • excitatory beta 1
  • inhibitory beta 2
48
Q

postganglionic neurons: muscarinic receptors

A

metabotropic receptors:

  • excitatory M1, M3, M5
  • inhibitory M2, M4
49
Q

cortico means

A

cortex

50
Q

vagus nerve X

A

major parasympathetic nerve

BME 201 (10 decks)

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