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BME 201 > Nervous System - Nervous Cells, Synapses, Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Nervous System - Nervous Cells, Synapses, Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

main cells of the nervous system (2)

A
  1. neuron (nerve cell)

2. glial cell (neuroglia)

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2
Q

neuron (nerve cell) vs glial cel (neuroglia)

A
  1. nervous cell vs supporting cell
  2. conductive cell vs non-conductive cell
  3. structural/ functional unit vs major part of nervous system
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3
Q

where does information converge on the neuron

A

soma

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4
Q

“all or none”

A

action potential will either fire or not :0

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5
Q

soma

A

cell body

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6
Q

dendrites

A

processes that gather sensory information

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7
Q

axon

A
  • process that conveys excitation to other neurones or effector cells
  • often branch at end, causing a divergence of output
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8
Q

axon hillock

A

region where action potential is generated

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9
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses

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10
Q

myelin sheath

A

protect and insulate axons and enhance transmission of electrical impulses

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11
Q

structural criteria of neurons

A

look at photos!

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12
Q

functional criteria of neurons

A
  1. afferent (sensory)
  2. association (interneurons)
  3. efferent (motor)
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13
Q

afferent structure and function

A
  • dendrites and cell body within the PNS, axons extend into CNS
  • transmit impulses from peripheral sense receptors to CNS
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14
Q

association structure and function

A
  • located entirely within CNS

- sensory-motor integration

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15
Q

efferent structure and function

A
  • dendrites and cell body within CNS, axons extend to PNS

- transmit impulses from CNS to effectors in periphery

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16
Q

glial cells (neuroglia)

A
  • don’t conduct nerve impulses
  • support, nourish, and protect neurons
  • outnumber nerve cells (10x)
  • capable of mitosis (cell division)
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17
Q

glial derived from what?!

A

Greek word “glia” (“glue”)

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18
Q

glial cells in CNS (4)

A
  1. ependymal
  2. oligodendroglial
  3. astrocyte
  4. microglia
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19
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • line surface of ventricles and produce/circulate CSF
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20
Q

oligodendroglial cells

A
  • form myelin sheath in the CNS

- usually each cell forms sheath of several axons

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21
Q

astrocytes

A
  • bind blood vessels to nerves

- help form the blood-brain barrier: take up ions and neurotransmitters

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22
Q

microglia

A
  • originate in the blood

- enter the brain and become phagocytic in response to inflammation

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23
Q

blood-csf barrier

A
  • “barrier that separates blood from CSF and CSF from brain tissue”
  • choroid plexuses produce CSF
  • choroid plexuses consist of ependymal cells
  • CSF contains less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma (almost cell free)
24
Q

function of myelin? how is it produced?

A
  • insulates the axon and increases action potential conduction velocity
  • formed by Schwann cells
25
Q

where are Schwann cells located

A

PNS!

26
Q

motor neurons disease

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

27
Q

disease associated with atrophy of basal ganglia (caudate and putamen)

A

Huntington’s Disease

28
Q

disease associated with axon demyelination in brain and spinal cord

A

Multiple Sclerosis

29
Q

disease associated with atrophy of frontal and temporal cortex

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

30
Q

disease associated with decreased number of dopaminergic neurons in basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s Disease

31
Q

main functions of neuron (2)

A
  1. excitability

2. conductivity

32
Q

excitability

A
  • respond to a stimulus

- produce an electrical signal (action potential)

33
Q

conductivity

A
  • provide a fast way for an impulse to travel from one point to another
  • conduct an electrical signal (action potential)
34
Q

action potential

A
  • pulse-like change in membrane potential
  • moves along surface of excitable cells
  • fastest way to convey a signal in the body
35
Q

generation of an action potential

A

see graph image

36
Q

absolute refractory period

A

impossible to send another action potential

37
Q

relative refractory period

A

hard to send action potential

38
Q

synapses

A
  • communication between two cells

- apposing the axonal end feet of one cell to the membrane of another cell

39
Q

pre-synaptic cell

A

cell sending message

40
Q

post-synaptic cell

A

cell receiving the message

41
Q

types of synapses

A
  1. chemical synapses

2. electrical synapses

42
Q

chemical synapse vs electrical synapse

A
  1. gap between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic membranes vs appear to be fused
  2. transmission is unidirectional vs bidirectional
43
Q

chemical synapse components

A
  1. presynaptic knob: contains neurotransmitter vesicles
  2. synaptic cleft: gap between cells
  3. postsynaptic knob: contains receptors
44
Q

mechanism of neurotransmission

A
  1. action potential enters the presynaptic terminal, depolarization opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels, entry of Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic terminal
  2. Ca2+ binds to synaptotagmin causing opening of fusion pore, chemical neurotransmitter is rebased into the synoptic cleft
  3. neurotransmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors, signal is initiated in the postsynaptic cell
45
Q

mechanism for shut off of neurotransmission

A
  1. destruction of the NT by degradative enzymes
  2. diffusion of the NT away from the post-synaptic receptors
  3. re-uptake of the NT either by the presynaptic terminal or by other cells
46
Q

mechanism of vesicle recycling

A
  1. kiss and run

2. full-collapse fusion

47
Q

classification of neurotransmitters (4)

A
  1. amino acids
  2. monoamines
  3. neuropeptides
  4. choline esters
48
Q

amino acids

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, glycine

49
Q

monoamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, histamine, serotonin

50
Q

neuropeptides

A

opioids (endorphins), hypothalamic peptides

51
Q

chlorine esters

A

acetylcholine (Ach)

52
Q

membrane receptors

A
  1. ionotropic

2. metabotropic

53
Q

ionotropic receptors

A
  • ligand-gated ion channels
  • open/close gated ion-channels
  • short latency and rapid responses
54
Q

metabotropic receptors

A
  • G-protein-coupled receptors
  • indirectly linked with ion channels
  • act on G protein coupled receptors
  • second messenger involvement (cAMP, IP3)
  • longer latency and slow response
55
Q

acetylcholine receptors

A
  1. nicotinic receptors: ionotropic
  2. muscarinic receptors: metabotropic
  3. neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
56
Q

adrenergic receptors

A
  1. alpha (a1, a2) receptors: metabotropic
  2. beta (B1, B2) receptors: metabotropic
  3. neurotransmitter: norepinephrine/ epinephrine

BME 201 (10 decks)

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