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Anatomy Unit 2 > Nervous System Part 2: Diencephalon > Flashcards

Nervous System Part 2: Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

Fully formed adult structures that lie rostral to the midbrain.
4 Parts:
-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus
-Epithalamus
-Subthalamus

A

Diencephalon

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2
Q

Contains 2 nuclei. Lies laterally, so difficult to visualize. Requires far lateral sagittal or coronal section to view.
Responsible for motor control of several of the basal ganglia

A

Subthalamus

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3
Q

A hollow slit contained between the two lobes of the thalamus.
Above it is the Fornix and below is the Hypothalamus

A

3rd Ventricle

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4
Q

A collection of white matter lateral to the thalamus. Contains fibers coming out of the Cerebral Cortex

A

Internal Capsule

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5
Q

Connected to the Stalk of the Pituitary Gland

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

Contains the Pineal Gland (which calcifies in teenage years)

A

Epithalamus

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7
Q

The largest portion of the Diencephalon; has two lobes and between them is the 3rd Ventricle

A

Thalamus

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8
Q

The connection that joins together the two lobes of the Thalamus. About 80% of the population has one. Inert tissue joining the lobes together

A

Massa Intermedia (Thalamic Adhesion)

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9
Q

Divides the thalamus into three nuclear regions:
-Lateral nuclear group
-Medial nuclear group
-Anterior nuclear group

A

Internal Medullary Lamina

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10
Q

General sensation coming from outside of the brain is projected here. Those fibers stop and new fibers are originated and project into the Cerebral Cortex.
Pain, temperature, special senses like vision, hearing, etc. enter the brain and project to one of the Lateral Nuclei (of the thalamus). Those fibers end and new fibers go into the Cerebral Cortex (Post-Central Gyrus: Primary receiving area for general sensation)

A

Relay Nuclei

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11
Q

What is the primary receiving area for general sensation?

A

Post-Central Gyrus

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12
Q

These project information from the Reticular Formation up to the relay nuclei and then to the Cerebral Cortex.
-Found in the Medial Nuclei of the thalamus and the thalamic reticular cover that runs along the side of the thalamus

A

Diffuse (non-specific) Nuclei

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13
Q

These connect ipsilateral cerebral cortex with other parts of the cerebral cortex (on the same side)
-Found in the Lateral and Anterior group.
-Receive information coming back down from the Cerebral Cortex and send it up to Association Areas (Parietal Lobe) to be integrated/associated

A

Association Nuclei

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14
Q

Have a stimulus (sensory). Goes to Relay Nuclei in Lateral group -> initiates new fibers -> Cerebral Cortex (Post-central gyrus) -> Info comes back down from Cerebral Cortex -> Association Nuclei in Anterior/Lateral Group -> Association Areas (Parietal Lobe) -> Associate and integrate stimulus to be able to describe it (hot, sharp, dull, etc).

A

Thalamic Nuclei

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15
Q

The boundary separating thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamic Sulcus

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16
Q

-Mammillary Nucleus (has bump called Mammillary Body)
-Preoptic Nucleus
-Supraoptic Nucleus

A

Hypothalamic Nuclei

17
Q

The integrating center for the Autonomic Nervous System.
-Anterior: Parasympathetic
-Posterior: Sympathetic
These two are constantly working in opposition to each other to see which can give the strongest effect.

A

Hypothalamus

18
Q

-Thermoregulation (Controls body temperature)
-Appetite Regulation (controls hunger/satiety)
-Thirst regulation
-Pituitary Hormonal Regulation

A

Hypothalamus

19
Q

The hunger center of the Hypothalamus

A

Lateral Hypothalamus

20
Q

The satiety center of the hypothalamus (tells us when we’re full)

A

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

21
Q

The thirst center of the hypothalamus

A

Anterior Hypothalamus

22
Q

The thermoregulation center of the hypothalamus

A

Preoptic Area

23
Q

Where the Optic nerves cross. Occurs right in front of the Diaphragma Sellae, so an enlarged pituitary gland can put pressure on this causing a visual defect

A

Optic Chiasm

24
Q

Sits in the Hypophyseal Fossa (depression in the Sphenoid bone)
-Surrounded by a donut shaped layer of Dura Mater called the Diaphragma Sellae.

A

Pituitary Gland

25
Q

Pars Anterior (Adenohypophysis)
Pars Posterior (Neurohypophysis)
and Pars Intermedia
All 3 secrete hormones

A

Parts of Pituitary Gland

26
Q

Regulated by the Hypothalamus, but hormones are produced here.
-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
-Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenals
-Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Maturation of sperm and eggs
-Luteinizing Hormone (LH): ovulation and production of testosterone
-Somatotropin Hormone (STH aka Growth Hormone)
-Prolactin: breast milk

A

Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)

27
Q

Hypothalamus produces hormones that migrate here to be secreted into the bloodstream.
-Oxytocin: labor/pregnancy
-Vasopressin (ADH - can increase fluid retention or decrease and lead to fluid loss)

A

Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

28
Q

Produces Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
-Causes melanocytes to secrete Melanin - darkens skin. Increased during pregnancy

A

Pars Intermedia

29
Q

Part of the Epithalamus
-Function unknown: Possible sleep/wake cycle or sexual maturity

A

Habenula

30
Q

Part of the Epithalamus that produces Melatonin to regulate sleep patterns
-Appears to only be active for the early portion of life and during the teenage years begins to be calcified and atrophies

A

Pineal Gland

31
Q

Inferior to the Subthalamic nucleus.
-A dark, pigmented nucleus
-Cells here secrete Dopamine
-Strongly associated with Parkinson’s Disease (degenerative condition where you gradually lose cells/cell bodies out of this)

A

Substantia Nigra

32
Q

Exerts an inhibitory influence on bad movement (Dyskinesias).
-Prevents Hemiballismus: when someone has upper limb movements they can’t control.
-Only get a break when they’re sleeping

A

Subthalamus

33
Q

-Tremor at rest (pill rolling)
-Muscle Rigidity (lead pipe)
-Masked face and Forward head
-Shuffling gait with festination (when they walk, get faster and faster and may not be able to stop)
-Reduced arm swing
-Stooped posture
-Slow, slurred speech

A

Parkinson’s Disease

Anatomy Unit 2 (9 decks)

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