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Anatomy Unit 2 > Nervous System Part 1 (Cont.) > Flashcards

Nervous System Part 1 (Cont.) Flashcards

1
Q

Towards the front

A

Rostral

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2
Q

Towards the head

A

Cephalic

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3
Q

Towards the tail

A

Caudal

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4
Q

Same side

A

Ipsilateral

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5
Q

Opposite side

A

Contralateral

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6
Q

Neural Ectoderm: thickened embryonic layer called the germ layer that forms the outside (the skin).

Middle of 3rd week, get a lot of cellular growth around the neural ectoderm. Starts to form a U Shape called the neural folds.

End of 3rd week, the neural groove is closed up like a donut and forms a tube (thick on outside and hollow on inside). Eventually forms the spinal column.

A

Pre-natal Development (Week 3)

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7
Q

What eventually forms intervertebral discs of the spinal column

A

Notochord

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8
Q

Crest cells. Cells that migrate, pinch off of the neural ectoderm to form the embryo, come to lie laterally. Eventually become the dorsal root ganglia.

A

Neural Crests

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9
Q

Neural tube now has thickening sides:
-Very outside of the tube is marginal layer of cells
-Inside is the mantle layer of cells
-Ependymal layer: lines central canal
-Floor plate: thickening at the bottom
-Roof plate: thickening at the top
-Alar Plate: upper half (Dorsal)
-Basal Plate: lower half (Ventral)
-Those two are separated by the sulcus limitans (little line/groove). Divides it into dorsal and ventral part.

A

Pre-Natal Development (Week 4)

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10
Q

Start to see primary brain vesicles begin to develop.
-Most rostral is Prosencephalon
-Middle is mesencephalon
-Lowest is Rhombencephalon
Dilations in the neural tube occurring cephalically. If everything goes well, these primary brain vesicles will form into the nervous system via differentiation.

A

Pre-natal Development (Week 5)

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11
Q

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon

A

Primary Brain Vesicles

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12
Q

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

A

Prosencephalon secondary brain vesicles

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13
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Mesencephalon secondary brain vesicle

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14
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Mesencephalon secondary brain vesicle

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15
Q

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

A

Rhombencephalon secondary brain vesicle

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16
Q

Has the optic vesicles - the forerunner of the eyes. Eventually becomes the thalamus and hypothalamus.

A

Diencephalon

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17
Q

Eventually becomes the Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex

A

Telencephalon

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18
Q

Eventually becomes the Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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19
Q

Eventually becomes the Cerebellum and the Pons

A

Metencephalon

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20
Q

Eventually becomes the Medulla

A

Myelencephalon

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21
Q

Spaces in the brain. The medulla is where you lose CSF into the Subarachnoid space. Have a meningeal container of CSF called a dorsal aperture that allows CSF to flow out from subarachnoid space in the brain to the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord.

A

Ventricles

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22
Q

A covering that covers the midbrain.
-Contains 4 “bumps” called the Corpora Quadrigeminae.
-Have to remove the Cerebellum to view these.

A

Midbrain Tectum

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23
Q

Receives visual input to initiate a behavioral response.
-Ex: Following something interesting with your head/eyes

A

Superior Colliculi

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24
Q

Responsible for Auditory Integration of sound.
-Ex: Hear a sound - withdraw from it (very pronounced in babies)

A

Inferior Colliculi

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25
Q

Clusters of axons traveling impulses/action potentials back and forth, carrying info to/from brainstem and cerebellum.
-Covered up by the cerebellum hemisphere

-Superior (Brachium Conjunctivum)
-Middle (Brachium Pontis)
-Inferior (Restiform Body)

A

Cerebellar Peduncles

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26
Q

Contains CSF as it flows through the brain. Have to remove the Cerebellum to view it. Also called the Rhomboid Fossa (Diamond shaped)
Upper 1/2: Overlays the Pons
-Contains the Facial Colliculus (bump caused by the Facial nerve) and the Median Eminence

Lower 1/2: Overlays the Medulla
-Stria Medullaris: transverse stripes that are fibers of CN VIII
-Gracile Tubercle
-Cuneate Tubercle

A

4th Ventricle

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27
Q

An oblong protrusion of the medulla that carries tactile senses from the lower 1/2 of the body/extremities from the spinal cord up to the brain.

A

Gracile Tubercle (medial)

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28
Q

An oblong protrusion of the medulla that carries tactile sensations from the upper 1/2 of the body/extremities from the spinal cord up to the brain.

A

Cuneate Tubercle (lateral)

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29
Q

Where “home plate” of the diamond (4th ventricle) comes together.

A

Obex

30
Q

A very small bump between the 4th Ventricle and the Obex. Has chemoreceptors embedded here that measure toxins in the blood to stimulate vomiting.

A

Area Postrema

31
Q

Fibers of Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) crossing.

A

Stria Medullares

32
Q

Composed of the Cerebral Peduncles, with the fossa in between them called the Interpeduncular Fossa (contains CN III).

A

Midbrain

33
Q

Composed of Fibers that are numerous in number, and right near the surface. Long motor system that starts in brain (Cerebral cortex) and come on down through the brainstem and spinal cord to produce a big swelling that you see.

A

Cerebral Peduncles

34
Q

Fibers continue down and cause a large bulge. Consisting of large, heavily myelinated fibers (Called the Cortico-Spinal System) that start in the cerebral cortex and end in the Spinal Cord.
-Huge in number and close to the surface = create the bulge.
Fibers that have descended over on right side and cross over to the left side at the Pons (Decussating fibers). Cross and form the command center up in the brain to tell it what to do.
-CN are influences by fibers that cross in this area

A

Basis Pontis (Pons)

35
Q

Part of the Medulla that serves as a landmark and works with the cerebellum in a synergistic fashion.

A

Olivary Eminence

36
Q

Part of the Medulla that is a continuation of the Cortico-spinal fibers that descended from the Cerebral Peduncles and the Basis Pontis.

A

Pyramids

37
Q

85% of the very large Cortico-spinal tract fibers cross over to the contralateral side here. Injury above this causes damage on the contralateral side of the body.
-Fibers that crossed (85%) are now called the Lateral Cortico-spinal tract
-Fibers that did not cross (15%) are called Anterior Cortico-spinal Tract and cross in the Cervical portion of the spinal cord.

A

Decussation of the Pyramids

38
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) -> Internal Capsule (contains lots of myelinated axons) -> Cerebral Peduncles -> Basis Pontis -> Medulla -> Pyramids -> Decussation of the Pyramids -> Spinal cord

A

Cortico-spinal Motor Pathway

39
Q

Start at the Median Longitudinal Fissure:
-Lower limbs (toes, ankles, knees)
Come around the bend:
-Hip, trunk, etc.
Middle of the way:
-HAND (lots of neurons)
Keep moving down:
-Lips, Larynx, tongue, swallowing, etc.

A motor representation of the Cerebral Cortex. These neurons come out of these areas and come to a cluster called the Internal Capsule.

A

Motor Homunculus

40
Q

2 Hemispheres: Anterior and Posterior that are separated by a Primary Fissure.
Posterior lobe is larger than the Anterior lobe due to receiving more information from the Cerebral Cortex.

A

Cerebellum

41
Q

Elongated elevation that is associated with Balance and Equilibrium.
-Vestibular Nuclei (found in the brainstem) fibers project into the Vermis (also called the Vestibulocerebellum)

A

Vermis

42
Q

Two triangular nodes of the Posterior Lobe that can be pushed through the Foramen Magnum with injury/swelling

A

Cerebellar Tonsils

43
Q

Spinal Cord -> Anterior Lobe (Spinocerebellum)
Vestibular Nuclei of the Brainstem -> Vermis (Vestibulocerebellum)
Cerebral Cortex -> Posterior Lobe (Corticocerebellum)

A

Cerebellum Input

44
Q

Fibers from Receptor (knee/elbow/etc) -> Spinal cord via dorsal root -> new fibers originate and CROSS OVER over Dorsal Root -> Medulla -> Pons -> CROSS OVER AGAIN -> Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle -> Spinal Cerebellum (Ant. Lobe).
-Has double decussation
-Lesion and side of injury will be IPSILATERAL

A

Spinocerebellar Pathway (Double Decussation)

45
Q

Ensures that motor actions are coordinated and you move in a balanced fashion.
-Modifies motor signals, doesn’t originate motor signals. Make corrections that are needed to make actions smooth and deliberate.

A

Vestibulocerebellar Pathway

46
Q

Vestibular Apparatus (Semicircular canals; vestibule) -> CN VIII -> Brainstem -> Vestibular Nucleus -> Vermis -> Deep Cerebellar Nucleus -> Medulla -> Vestibular Nucleus -> Spinal Cord -> Ventral Root -> Peripheral Nerves/Muscles

A

Vestibulocerebellar Pathway

47
Q

Motor Portion of Cerebral Cortex (Corticopontine Tract) (Precentral Gyrus)-> Fibers gather together to form Internal Capsule -> Midbrain -> Basis Pontis -> fibers encounter Pontine Nuclei -> Corticopontine Tract ends and fibers exit Pontine Nuclei -> CROSS OVER -> enter Middle Cerebellar Peduncle on the contralateral side -> Corticocerebellum (Post. Lobe)

A

Corticocerebellar Pathway

48
Q

Fibers arrive to Cerebellum -> Deep Cerebellar Nuclei (Dentate Nucleus) -> initiates new fibers that ascend to Superior Cerebellar Peduncle -> CROSSING OCCURS -> Thalamus -> initiates new fibers that go back into the Motor Region of the Cerebellar Cortex

A

Cerebellocortical Pathway

49
Q

Where does the Spinocerebellar Pathway Cross?

A

Double Decussation:
-Dorsal Root of Spinal Cord
-Pons

50
Q

Where does the Corticocerebellar Pathway Cross?

A

Double Decussation:
-Pontine Nuclei
-Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

51
Q

Signals originate in Motor Cortex (precentral Gyrus) - internal capsule - pons -pontine nuclei - fibers cross - enter cerebellum via Middle cerebellar peduncle - Initiate new fibers - ascend via superior cerebellar peduncle - cross again - ascend to thalamus - new fibers originate to Motor Cortex (precentral gyrus). Allows for a functioning unit between structures to carry out voluntary tasks and to do it in a smooth, coordinated fashion.

A

Corticocerebellar & Cerebellocortical Pathways

52
Q

Allows the Cerebral Cortex to have Contralateral control and the Cerebellum to have Ipsilateral Control

A

Double Decussation

53
Q

Muscle coordination and coordinated body movement (disorder = tremors, unsteadiness)
-Can affect equilibrium and balance if vermis is effected
-Maintains muscle tone (resistance to passive stretch).
-Problems will show ipsilateral to where the lesion occurs

A

Cerebellum Functions

54
Q

A general term; cerebellar lesions/disorders.
-Truncal Instability: trunk is unable to be still
-Broad based stance to keep from falling
-Unsteady gait
-High Fall Risk

A

Ataxia

55
Q

Intention Tremor: only get the tremor when you intend to do an action.

A

Dysynergia

56
Q

Difficulty in performing rapidly alternating movements (can’t supinate/pronate hands back/forth)

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

57
Q

Past pointing
-Can’t touch finger to nose
-Have tremors and shaking, will miss the object they’re supposed to touch

A

Dysmetria

58
Q

A bilateral network of multisynaptic neurons in the brainstem. Functions to regulate level of consciousness, breathing cycle, and muscle tone.
-Found in the Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain up to Thalamus

A

Reticular Formation

59
Q

Has ascending and descending portions. Located within the Medulla, dorsal to the Inferior Olivary Nucleus (what forms the Olive). Above is the 4th ventricle and below is the pyramids.

A

Reticular Formation (Medulla)

60
Q

Located in the Pons just below the roof of the 4th ventricle, and above the decussating fibers

A

Reticular Formation (Pons)

61
Q

Located in the Midbrain, found right underneath the Putamen (roof of midbrain) and dorsal to the Red Nucleus

A

Reticular Formation (Midbrain)

62
Q

Important for regulating level of consciousness, also called the Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Ascending Portion of the Reticular Formation

63
Q

A collection of axons that project up through the brainstem to thalamus (relay nuclei) to cerebral cortex.

Relay Nuclei of the Thalamus: have incoming fibers that are then relayed up to certain portions of the Cerebral Cortex. When activity of the system is high, it increases arousal (wakes you up)

Regulates your awareness level via increases/decreases in activity.

A

Ascending Portion of the Reticular Formation

64
Q

During trough activity:
-Decreased activity of the RAS (wanes)
-Cortical activity decreases also.
-Leads to decreased level of consciousness and arousal (sleep)

A

Quiessence

65
Q

Receives input from all over the body (Skin, joints, muscles, Visual System, Auditory System, Visceral System, etc.) and funnels it through the Ascending Portion of the RF into the thalamus and Cerebral Cortex. RAS will wax/wane depending on activity.

Influenced by medications such as Propofol, Versed, and Benzos

A

Ascending Portion of the Reticular Formation

66
Q

During Peak Activity:
-Increased activity of the RAS (waxes)
-Cerebral Cortex activity increases
-Level of consciousness and arousal increases
-Can be influenced by caffeine

A

Arousal

67
Q

Occurs when the RAS fails to screen out “noise” from the environment

A

ADHD

68
Q

Schizophrenia, PTSD, Parkinson’s Disease, REM Behavior Disorder, Narcolepsy, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), Depression, Autism, Alzheimer’s Disease, ADD/ADHD

A

Pathologies associated with RAS Dysfunction

69
Q

Axons coming off of the Reticular Formation are projected down.
Regulates muscle tone:
-Highly active = hypertonia
-Slow/Depressed = Hypotonia
Affected by Level of Consciousness

A

Descending Portion of the Reticular Formation

70
Q

Location of the Respiratory Centers.
-Medulla: Controls muscles of breathing
-Pons: Controls rate of breathing

Injury or lesion to the RF causes breathing issues.

A

Reticular Formation

Anatomy Unit 2 (9 decks)

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