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Anatomy And Physiology > Nervous System- nervous tissue, neurons, neuroglia > Flashcards

Nervous System- nervous tissue, neurons, neuroglia Flashcards

1
Q

3 neuron characteristics

A
  • extreme longevity
  • amitotic
  • high metabolic rate
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2
Q

The biosynthetic centre of a neuron

A

Neuron cell body

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3
Q

Which part of the neuron contains an axon hillcock?

A

Neuron cell body

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4
Q

Does a neuron cell body contain a nucleus?

A

Yes, a large nucleus with nucleolus

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5
Q

Structure of a dendrite

A

Short, branched processes

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6
Q

The receptive region of a neuron

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

How do dendrites convey incoming information to a cell body?

A

As graded potentials

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8
Q

Axon contains vesicles of…

A

Neurotransmitter

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9
Q

Axons do not contain…

A

Ribosomes or golgi = no protein synthesis

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10
Q

Distal endings of an axon

A

Axon terminals/Terminal boutons

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11
Q

Axon function

Where are nerve impulses/action potential generated?

A

At the axon initial segment (AIS), conducted along axolemma to axon terminal

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12
Q

What happens if an axon gets cut or damaged?

A

-Anterograde degeneration-

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13
Q

Two functions of myelin sheath

A
  • Protect and electrically insulate axon

- Increase speed of nerve impulse conduction

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14
Q

What are myelinated fibres?

A

Segmented sheath that surrounds most long/large-diameter axons

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15
Q

How is myelination in the PNS formed?

A

By Schwann cells

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16
Q

Myelination in the PNS-

What are the gaps called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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17
Q

How is myelination in the CNS formed?

A

By processes of oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

What is the white matter made of in CNS division?

A

Myelinated fibres

19
Q

What is the grey matter made of in CNS division?

A

Neuron cell bodies

20
Q

Anterograde axoplasmic transport

A

From terminal/membrane towards soma

21
Q

3 different types of neurons

A
  • Sensory/afferent neurons
  • Motor/Efferent neurons
  • Interneurons/association neurons
22
Q

Function classification of sensory/afferent neurons

A
  • Transmit impulses from sensory receptors to CNS
  • Almost all are pseudounipolar
  • Soma in ganglia in PNS
23
Q

Function of somatic sensory neurons

A

Receptors monitor outside conditions

24
Q

Function of visceral sensory neurons

A

Receptors monitor internal conditions

25
Q

Functional classification of motor/efferent neurons

A
  • Transmit commands from CNS to effectors

- Mostly multipolar

26
Q

Function of somatic motor neuron

A
  • Innervate skeletal muscle

- Conscious control or reflexes

27
Q

Function of visceral/autonomic motor neurons

A

Innervate effectors on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose

28
Q

Functional classification of interneurons/association neurons

A
  • Distribute sensory information and coordinate motor activity
  • In brain, spinal cord, autonomic ganglia
29
Q

Functions of neuroglia

A
  • Surround neurons
  • Insulate
  • Supply nutrients and oxygen
  • Destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons
30
Q

What are the four main neuroglia that support CNS neurons?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglial cells
  • Ependymal cells
  • Oligodendrocytes
31
Q

Structure of astrocytes

A

Most abundant, versatile and highly branched

32
Q

Functions of astrocytes (6)

A
  • Blood brain barrier
  • Control chemical environment
  • Support neurons
  • Repair
  • Guide neuron development
  • Information processing
33
Q

Structure of microglia

A

Small, ovoid cells with thorny processes that touch monitor neurons

34
Q

Function of microglia

A

CNS defence

35
Q

Structure of oligodendrocytes

A

Wide, flat processes wrap local axons

36
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes

A

Forms myelin sheath and node of Ranvier= faster action potential conduction

37
Q

Structure of ependymal cells

A
  • Columnar shape
  • Line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
  • Have cilia= circulate CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
38
Q

Functions of ependymal cells (2)

A
  • Cushions brain

- Nutrients and gas exchange between CSF and nervous system

39
Q

What are the two cells in neuroglia in PNS?

A
  • Satellite cells

- Schwann cells

40
Q

Structure of satellite cells

A

Surround soma in ganglia

41
Q

Function of satellite cells

A

Regulate chemical environment of ganglia

42
Q

Structure of Schwann cells

A

Whole cell wraps axon to form myelin sheath

43
Q

Functions of Schwann cells (2)

A
  • Forms node of Ranvier= faster AP conduction

- Vital for regeneration of damaged nerve fibres

Anatomy And Physiology (3 decks)

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