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Nervous System > Nervous System Embryology (REYNOLDS) > Flashcards

Nervous System Embryology (REYNOLDS) Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following innervates the skin and most skeletal muscles?

A. Somatic nervous system

B. Visceral nervous system

A

A. Somatic nervous system

Visceral (autonomic) nervous system:

  • innervates the viscera and smooth mucles and glands
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
  • both divisions consist of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers
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2
Q

Which of the following is associated in the formation of the neural tube?

A. Thickening of neural plate

B. Elongation of neural plate

C. Lateral folding

D. Fusion of opposing neural folds and separation from overlying ectoderm

E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

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3
Q

In the formation of the neural tube, Lateral folding includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Neural crest cells

B. Neural groove

C. Median hinge point

D. Lateral hinge points

E. All of the above

A

A. Neural crest cells

Fusion of opposing neural folds and separation from overlying ectoderm = neural crest cells

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4
Q

Which of the following is involved in the fusion of opposing neural folds and separation from overlying ectoderm?

A. Median hinge point

B. Neural groove

C. Neural crest cells

D. Lateral hinge points

E. All of the above

A

C. Neural crest cells

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5
Q

Molecular signals for brain development are initiated at the neural plate. BMPs establish motor regions and SHH establishes sensory regions.

A. First statement is true, second is false

B. First statement is false, second is true

C. Both statements are true

D. Both statements are false

A

A. First statement is true, second is false

Correct statement: Molecular signals for brain development are initiated at the neural plate. BMPs establish sensory regions and SHH establishes motor regions.

BMPs = sensory region

SHH = motor region

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6
Q

At what week does the brain split into the three segments: Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon and Rhombencephalon?

A. Week 1

B. Week 2

C. Week 3

D. Week 4

E. Week 5

A

D. Week 4

Week 4 = 3 brain segments (prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon)

Week 5 = 5 brain segments (Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencecphalon, Myelencephalon

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7
Q

All of the following are brain segments that arise at week 4 EXCEPT:

A. Prosencephalon

B. Metencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Rhombencephalon

A

B. Metencephalon

Week 4 = Procephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

Week 5 = Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

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8
Q

List the 5 brain segments at week 5 in order from cranial to caudal:

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
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9
Q

What are the 3 brain segments that arise in the 4th week?

A
  1. Prosencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhombencephalon
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10
Q

What are the 5 brain segments that arise in the 5th week in order from cranial to caudal?

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
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11
Q

The Prosencephalon divides into all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Telencephalon

B. Metencephalon

C. Diencephalon

D. Prosencephalon divides into all of the above

A

B. Metencephalon

Prosencephalon = Telecephalon and Diencephalon

Rhombencephalon = Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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12
Q

The Rhombencephalon divides into all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Mesencephalon

B. Metencephalon

C. Myelencephalon

D. Rhombencephalon divides into all of the above

A

A. Mesencephalon

Prosencephalon = Telecephalon and Diencephalon

Rhombencephalon = Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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13
Q

All of the following Flexures can be found in the 4th EXCEPT:

A. Cephalic

B. Pontine

C. Cervical

D. All fo the above are flexures found in the 4th week

A

B. Pontine

4th week:

  • 3 brain segments (prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon)
  • 2 flexures (cephalic and cervical)

5th week:

  • 5 brain segments (telecephalon, diacephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and myelencephalon)
  • 3 flexures (cephalic, cervical and pontine)
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14
Q

Which of the following flexures is located in the mesencephalon?

A. Cephalic

B. Cervical

C. Pontine

D. All of the above

A

A. Cephalic

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15
Q

Which of the following flexures is located in between the Diacephalon and Metencephalon?

A. Cephalic

B. Cervical

C. Pontine

D. All of the above

A

A. Cephalic

Note: the segment in between diacephalon and metecephalon is the mesencephalon

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16
Q

Which of the following flexures is located in between the Metencephalon and Myelencephalon?

A. Cephalic

B. Cervical

C. Pontine

D. All of the above

A

C. Pontine

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17
Q

Which of the following flexures is located in between the Myelencephalon and Spinal cord?

A. Cephalic

B. Cervical

C. Pontine

D. All of the above

A

B. Cervical

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18
Q

Which of the following is referred to as the Hindbrain?

A. Prosencephalon

B. Mesencephalon

C. Metencephalon

D. Rhombencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

D. Rhombencephalon

Forebrain = Prosencephalon

Midbrain = Mesencephalon

Hindbrain = Rhombencephalon

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19
Q

Which of the following is referred to as the Forebrain?

A. Prosencephalon

B. Mesencephalon

C. Metencephalon

D. Rhombencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

A. Prosencephalon

Forebrain = Prosencephalon

Midbrain = Mesencephalon

Hindbrain = Rhombencephalon

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20
Q

Which of the following is referred to as the Midbrain?

A. Prosencephalon

B. Mesencephalon

C. Metencephalon

D. Rhombencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

B. Mesencephalon

Forebrain = Prosencephalon

Midbrain = Mesencephalon

Hindbrain = Rhombencephalon

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21
Q

Differentiation of ______ is regulated by HOX genes.

A

Rhombomeres (hindbrain)

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22
Q

(T/F)

The neural canal within each of the segments of the brain expands to form a primitive ventricle.

A

True

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23
Q

Discuss Neurite Outgrowth:

A

Neurite Outgrowth

  • Axons and dendrites
  • Growth cones
    • numerous filopodia
  • Filopodia regularly extend and retract, testing local environment

note: these are kind of like fingers that reah out and develops connections for the nervous sys via chemoattraction and contactraction

Growth cone is like the hand

Filopodia are like the fingers

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24
Q

The brain stem is made up of all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Myelencephalon

B. Pons

C. Cerebellum

D. Mesencephalon

E. All of the above make up the brain stem

A

C. Cerebellum

Brain can be divided into two parts:

  1. Brain stem
  • similar in organization to spinal cord
  • Made up of myelencephalon, pons (derivative of metencephalon), and mesencephalon
  1. Higher centers
  • Specialized, organization unlike the spinal cord
  • Consists of cerebellum (derived from metencephalon) and forebrain
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25
Q

The brain stem is made up of all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Myelencephalon

B. Forebrain

C. Pons

D. Mesencephalon

E. All of the above make up the brain stem

A

B. Forebrain

Brain stem:

  • similar organization to spinal cord
  • made up of myelencephalon, pons (derivative of metencephalon) and mesencephalon

Higher centers:

  • Not similar to spinal cord organization
  • consists of cerebellum and forebrain
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26
Q

Which of the following develops into the cerebrum?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

A. Telencephalon

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27
Q

Which of the following develops into the medulla oblongata?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

E. Myelencephalon

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28
Q

Which of the following develops into the cerebellum?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

D. Metencephalon

Telencephalon = cerebrum

Metencephalon = cerebellum

Myelencephalon = medulla oblongata

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29
Q

Which of the following develops into pons?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

D. Metencephalon

Metencephalon = pons and cerebellum

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30
Q

Which of the following develops into auditory colliculi?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

C. Mesencephalon

Telencephalon = cerebrum

Mesencephalon = auditory colliculi

Metencephalon = pons and cerebellum

Myelencephalon = medulla oblongata

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31
Q

All of the following are derived from the Diencephalon EXCEPT:

A. Thalamus

B. Hypothalamus

C. Pineal body

D. Pituitary gland

E. Ears

A

E. Ears

Diencephalon = Eyes

32
Q

Which of the following is derived from the Diencephalon?

A. Cerebrum

B. Cerebellum

C. Eyes

D. Pons

E. Medulla oblongata

A

C. Eyes

Telencephalon = cerebrum

Diencephalon = thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, pituitary gland, eyes

Mesencephalon = auditory colliculi

Metencephalon = pons and cerebellum

Myelencephalon = medulla oblongata

33
Q

Which of the following is the cerebellum derived from?

A. Mesencephalon

B. Metencephalon

C. Myelencephalon

D. Telecephalon

A

B. Metencephalon

Metencephalon = cerebellum

Telencephalon = cerebrum

34
Q
A
35
Q

Which of the following develops into the anterior (visual) colliculi?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

C. Mesencephalon

Diencephalon = eyes

Mesencephalon = anterior (visual) and posterior (auditory) colliculi

36
Q

Which of the following is associated with the Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

C. Mesencephalon

37
Q

Which of the following is associated with the cerebral hemispheres (lateral ventricles)?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

A. Telencephalon

38
Q

Which of the following is associated with the 3rd ventricle?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

B. Diencephalon

Diencephalon = 3rd ventricle

Telencephalon = lateral ventricles

39
Q

Which of the following is associated with the lateral ventricles?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

A. Telencephalon

40
Q

Which of the following forms the pineal gland?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

B. Diencephalon

note: the pineal gland secretes melatonin
note: the pineal gland forms from a midline diverticulum of the epithalamic roof plate

41
Q

Which of the following forms the pituitary gland?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

B. Diencephalon

42
Q

Which of the following forms the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

B. Diencephalon

43
Q

Discuss the development of the Pituitary Gland:

A

Development of the Pituitary Gland:

  • The Infundibulum develops from the floor of the 3rd ventricle
    • Distal portion forms neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
  • Rathke’s pouch forms from an ectoderm lined space near thee future mouth opening
    • Differentiates to form the adenohypophysis (forms anterior pituitary and pars intermedia)
44
Q

During the development of the pituitary gland, which of the following develops into the neurohypophysis?

A. Infundibulum

B. Rathke’s pouch

A

A. Infundibulum

Infundibulum = neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary

Rathke’s pouch = adenohypophysis = anterior pituitary

45
Q

During the development of the pituitary gland, which of the following develops into the adenohypophysis?

A. Infundibulum

B. Rathke’s pouch

A

B. Rathke’s pouch

Infundibulum = neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary

Rathke’s pouch = adenohypophysis = anterior pituitary

46
Q

Which of the following develops into the anterior pituitary?

A. Neurohypophysis

B. Adenohypophysis

A

B. Adenohypophysis

Anterior pituitary = adenohypophysis

Posterior pituitary = neurohypophysis

47
Q

Which of the following develops into the Posterior pituitary?

A. Neurohypophysis

B. Adenohypophysis

A

A. Neurohypophysis

Infundibulum = neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary

Rathke’s pouch = adenohypophysis = anterior pituitary

48
Q

Discuss the Mesencephalon:

  • Largely made up of _______.
  • What does it connect the forebrain to?
  • Discuss hydrocephalus in regards to cerebral aqueduct:
A

Mesencephalon

  • Largely made up of white matter
  • Forms tracts connecting the forebrain with the hindbrain and spinal cord
  • Cerebral aqueduct (central canal)
  • Hydrocephalus:
    • the cerebral aqueduct allows CSF to flow from the forebrain to the 4th ventricle
    • Hydrocephalus (water on the brain) results if cerebral aqueduct becomes blocked
    • 3rd plus lateral ventricles swollen
    • Thin cerebral cortex
    • Sutures of skull forced apart allowing the bones to increase in size
49
Q

_______ is largely made up of white matter, specifically tracts connecting the forebrain with the hindbrain and spinal cord.

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Metencephalon

E. Myelencephalon

A

C. Mesencephalon

50
Q

Discuss Hydrocephalus (water on the brain):

  • What causes hydrocephalus?
  • How is hydrocephalus treated?
A

Hydrocephalus (water on the brain):

  • Hydrocephalus results if the cerebral aqueduct (of the mesencephalon) becomes blocked
  • Medical devices known as VP and VA shunts relieves accumulation of CSF.
51
Q

Which of the following functions to relay signals linking the spinal cord and cerebral cortex with the cerebellum?

A. Medulla oblongata

B. Pons

C. Thalamus

D. Hypothalamus

E. Cerebellum

A

B. Pons

52
Q

______ forms from alar plates of the metencephalon and functions as a center for balance and posture.

A. Medulla oblongata

B. Pons

C. Cerebrum

D. Hypothalamus

E. Cerebellum

A

E. Cerebellum

53
Q

Which of the following forms from the myelencephalon and functions as a relay center between the spinal cord and higher brain centers?

A. Medulla oblongata

B. Pons

C. Cerebrum

D. Hypothalamus

E. Cerebellum

A

A. Medulla oblongata

Medulla oblongata = relay center between spinal cord and higher brain centers

Pons = relays signals linking the spinal cord and cerebral corex w/ the cerebellum

54
Q

Which of the following functions as a center for balance and posture?

A. Medulla oblongata

B. Pons

C. Cerebrum

D. Hypothalamus

E. Cerebellum

A

E. Cerebellum

55
Q

Which of the following regulates respiration, hearbeat, and reflex movements?

A. Medulla oblongata

B. Pons

C. Cerebrum

D. Hypothalamus

E. Cerebellum

A

A. Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum = balance and posture

Medulla oblongata = regulates respiration, heartbeat and reflex movement

56
Q

Discuss peripheral nerves:

A

Peripheral nerves:

  1. Outgrowth of axons from motor neuroblasts (neuroepithelium) in the basal plate
  2. Neural Crest Cells (NCCs) form spinal ganglion (sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglion)
  • Growth of dendrites toward periphery
  • Growth of axons toward dorsal horn
  1. Interneurons form between sensory neuron termination and motor neurons
  2. Reflex arc is formed:
    * sensory information —> motor response
57
Q

___________ form all of the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.

A

Neural Crest Cells (NCCs)

58
Q

Discuss Hirschsprung’s Disease:

A

Hirschsprung’s Disease

Symptoms: complete constipation in newborns

Cause: lack of colonization of NCCs in wall of lower colon (parasympathetic)

Result: lack of parasympathetic innervation, no peristalsis

59
Q
A
60
Q

(T/F)

Neurite outgrowth occurs in the CNS but does not occur in the PNS.

A

False

note: neurite outgrowth occurs in both CNS and PNS

61
Q

(T/F)

Axon outgrowth occurs in the PNS but does not occur in the CNS.

A

True

Neurite outgrowth = CNS and PNS

Axon outgrowth = PNS only

62
Q

Discuss Axon outgrowth:

A

Axon Outgrowth

  • Pioneering axon (filopodia that reaches out first)
    • precedes the other in growing toward the target
  • Other axons follow
  • Forms bundles of axons (fascicles)
    • fasciculation
63
Q

All fascicles of a nerve are enclosed by a _____ (loose collagenous CT).

A. Endoneurium

B. Perineurium

C. Epineurium

D. All of the above

A

C. Epineurium

64
Q

Bundles of axons that form during axon outgrowth are known as _______.

A

Fascicles

Fascicles = bundles of axons

65
Q

Each axon is surrounded by _____ (loose vascular tissue).

A. Endoneurium

B. Perineurium

C. Epineurium

D. All of the above

A

A. Endoneurium

66
Q

Group of fibers are bound together into bundles (fascicles) by a ______ (robust and collagenous).

A. Endoneurium

B. Perineurium

C. Epineurium

D. All of the above

A

B. Perineurium

67
Q

Discuss each of the following:

  • Endoneurium
  • Perineurium
  • Epineurium
A

Axons are surrounded by endoneurium

Bundles of axons (Fascicles) are bound together by perineurium

All fascicles of a nerve are enclosed by a epineurium

68
Q

Discuss the stabilization of the PNS:

A
  • Interaction between neuron and target structure influence connection type and number
  • Apoptosis
    • Eliminates axons that fail to reach normal target
    • Reduces size of neuronal pool to match target or presynaptic input
    • Eliminates connection errors

note: left handed or right handed is determined in utero

69
Q

Discuss Neural Crest Cells (NCCs):

  • NCCs originate from ______.
  • Discuss the migration of NCCs:
  • Discuss the Differentiation of NCCs:
A

Neural Crest Cells (NCCs)

  • NCCs originate from lateral margins of neural plate
  • Migrate as mesenchymal cells; SEM
    • change shape (EMT)
    • Lose CAMs (cell adhesion molecules)
    • Gain integrins (matrix adhesion molecules)
  • Travel through well-defined pathways
  • CAMs often re-expressed at destination
  • Differentiation
    • equal developmental potential —> differentiation determined by environment
    • Preprogrammed before migration —> differentiation determined by internal factors
    • Both of the abnove are true
70
Q

Discuss the 3 main divisions of Neural Crest:

  1. Cranial NCC
  2. Circumpharyngeal NCC
  3. Trunk NCC
A

1. Cranial NCC

  • cranial NCCs leave before closure of NT
  • Origin specifies destination (unlike trunk NCC)
  • Responsible for tissues of the facial region

2. Circumpharyngeal NCC

  • Vagal crest cells
    • migrate into developing gut
    • precursors to parasympathetic innervation
  • Cardiac crest cells
    • outflow tract of the heart and great vessels
    • associated with thymus, thyroid and parathyroid

3. Trunk NCC

  • Trunk NCCs leave after NT closes
    • sixth somite —> caudal
  • Three main pathways
    • Dorsolateral = melanocytes
    • Ventrolateral = sensory ganglia
    • Ventral = sympathoadrenal (adrenal chromaffin cells, sympathetic ganglia, sympathetic neurons)
71
Q

Discuss the cranial division of NCCs:

A

Cranial NCCs

  • cranial NCCs leave before closure of NT
  • Origin specifies destination (unlike trunk NCC)
  • Responsible for tissues of the facial region
72
Q

Discuss circumpharyngeal NCCs:

A

Circumpharyngeal NCC

  • Vagal crest cells
    • migrate into developing gut
    • precursors to parasympathetic innervation
  • Cardiac crest cells
    • outflow tract of the heart and great vessels
    • associated with thymus, thyroid and parathyroid
73
Q

Discuss the Trunk division of NCCs:

A

Trunk NCC

  • Trunk NCCs leave after NT closes
    • sixth somite —> caudal

Three main pathways:

  1. Dorsolateral = melanocytes
  2. Ventrolateral = sensory ganglia
  3. Ventral = sympathoadrenal (adrenal chromaffin cells, sympathetic ganglia, sympathetic neurons)
74
Q

Discuss Neurocristopathies:

A

Neurocristopathies

  • Defects of neural crest cell development
  • Neurofibromatosis (peripheral nerve tumors)
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth (demyelinating disease)
  • Albinism (pigmentation defect)
  • Hirschsprung disease (absence of innervation to the terminal part of the colon) (megacolon)
  • DiGeorge Syndrome (affect development of craniofacial and cardiovascular system)
75
Q
A

Nervous System (7 decks)

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