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Equine Clinical Studies * > Nervous System Diseases > Flashcards

Nervous System Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the most important step to undertaking a neurological examination?

A

Distance observation

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2
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A

Disruption of the sympathetic innervation to the eye usually from a history of perivascular jugular vein injection history.

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3
Q

What are two reflexes you can use to assess sensory perception of the neck?

A 
Cervical reflex (cutaneous coli muscle C6) 
Cervicofacial reflex (twitching facial muscle C2)
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4
Q

What is the most common nerve abnormality?

A

Radial nerve paralysis

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5
Q

How would you clinically evaluate gait?

A

Straight line, circle, backing, curb, hill.

Look for muscle weakness, ataxia and muscle tone.

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6
Q

How would you differentiate an UMN and LMN issue?

A

UMN - spastic paralysis, stiff, exaggerated. For regulating force, range and direction.
LMN - flaccid paralysis, dragging, knuckling. Do the static sway test!

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7
Q

What is some clinical evidence of ataxia?

A

Change in stride frequency, stride length, wide base stance, bouncing, swaying of limbs, lack of hock flexion.

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8
Q

What are the 5 proprioceptive tests?

A 
Tight circling test
Tail pull test
Backing
Head elevation
Curb & hill test
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9
Q

What are the goals of a neurological exam?

A

Establish that neuro problem exists.

Localise the problem.

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10
Q

What do the LMN and UMN do in bladder control?

A

LMN - emptying

UMN - storage

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11
Q

List diagnostic tests of neurological system.

A

Serology/PCR
Radiography
CSF collection
Biopsy

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12
Q

What are the reference intervals for CSF?

A 
Less 0.8g/L protein
Less 5 WBC / uL
NO RBC 
60-80% glucose 
Negative gram stam, culture & antigen
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13
Q

Describe cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy.

A

Like the condition in Dobermans.
Get spinal cord compression & vertebral instability.
Either dynamic (stenosis with flexion, C3-C4) or static (always stenotic, C6-C7). Dynamic is from malformation and static is from osteoarthritis.
Diagnose via radiography or myelography or intervertebral sagittal ratio see subluxation, extension arch, physeal enlargement, ossification, DJD.

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14
Q

How would you treat cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy?

A

Dorsal laminectomy, Baskets, Conservative treatment.

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15
Q

You find a bony proliferation on the temporohyoid joint leading to fusion of joint. What do you suspect?

A

Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy

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16
Q

What is the aetiology and clinical signs of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

A

Causes- haematogenous ear infection, non-septic degenerative arthrosis, pathologic fracture
Clinical signs - head shaking, behaviour issues, difficult chewing

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17
Q

How would you diagnose and treat temporohyoid osteoarthropathy?

A

Diagnose via endoscopy, radiography.

Treat with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and surgery.

18
Q

What are the major bacteria causing neurological disease?

A

Streptococcus sp.
E Coli
Rhodococcus
Klebsiella

19
Q

What are some drugs that are good at penetrating the blood brain barrier?

A

Chloramphenicol
TMS
Metronidazole
Cefotaxime

20
Q

What does botulism cause?

A

Clostridium botulinum.

Neurotoxin causes flaccid paralysis (bilateral).

21
Q

What are the clinical findings of botulism and what is your choice of treatment?

A

From ingesting toxin, wound infection or grass sickness
Normal mentation & pain, progressive flaccid muscle paralysis.
Treat with antitoxin, antimicrobials and confine.

22
Q

What does tetanus caused?

A

Spastic/rigidity from inhibit neurotransmitter release

23
Q

How do you get tetanus and what are the clinical signs?

A

In soil and water enters via wounds.

Get rigid limbs, lockjaw, erect ears, trouble breathing.

24
Q

How will you treat tetanus and prevent?

A

Treat with muscle relaxants (diazepam), antibiotics (penicillin) and antitoxin.
Prevent with tetanus toxoid vaccination.

25
Q

How does Ross River virus infect horses?

A

Mosquito infection you will see pyrexia for up to 6 months.

26
Q

Describe equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy.

A

Causes respiratory disease and progresses to neurological.
Infects endothelium leading to vasculitis and thrombosis and hypoxia, ischaemia and CNS tissue necrosis.
Over 5 years old. Treat with supportive care, NSAIDS and aspirin.

27
Q

What is the clinical name for degeneration of the LMN in the spinal cord?

A

Equine motor neuron disease

28
Q

Why do horses get motor neuron disease and what will you see?

A

Usually due to Vitamin E deficiency. Get wasting, tail elevating and muscle trembling.

29
Q

How is Hendra virus shed?

A

Shed in Black flying fox and Spectacled flying fox in saliva, urine, faeces & birthing fluids.

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of Hendra?

A

Get a meningoencephalitis, depression, lethargy, tachycardia, sudden death, nasal discharge, seizures, violent thrashing, toxic mucous membranes.
No pathognomonic signs.

31
Q

What is the incubation of Hendra?

A

5-7 days but get shedding before clinical disease

32
Q

What are the main high risk procedures to contract Hendra?

A

Endoscopy, dentistry, necropsy, nasogastric intubation.

33
Q

How should you prevent Hendra virus?

A

Vaccination.
Unvaccinated foals - 4 months
Vaccinated foals - 6 months
Then do another vaccination 2 doses 3-6 weeks apart.
Adults give booster 6 months then every year.

34
Q

Can you get clinical disease from the vaccine?

A

Subunit vaccine so you cannot get virus!

35
Q

At what point in the vaccination course do you get immunity?

A

3 weeks after the second priming dose

36
Q

What’s the survival rate of Hendra in horses?

A

20-25%

37
Q

What do you need to tell the owners of a possible Hendra horse?

A

Make use owner has NO CONTACT with the horse under all circumstances.

38
Q

What are some drug neurotoxic agents?

A

Moxidectin & Ivermectin

39
Q

What condition causes a horse with hypermetric gait kicking the belly with hindlimbs?

A

Stringhalt - due to plant toxicity or secondary to trauma.

40
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Spontaneous sleeping attacks

Equine Clinical Studies * (3 decks)

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