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Equine Clinical Studies * > Cardiovascular System Diseases > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

In a normal horse where can you see the jugular pulse?

A

Caudal 1/3rd of neck

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2
Q

List what S1, S2, S3 and S4 are.

A

Heart sounds (S1 and S2 main ones, S3 and S4 accessory)
S1 - lub. AV valve closing.
S2- dub. Semilunar & aortic & pulmonic closure.

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3
Q

What are the general rules for systolic murmurs, diastolic murmurs and continuous murmurs in horses?

A

Systolic - AV valve regurgitation, VSD
Diastolic - aortic valve regurgitation
Continuous- PDA, pentalogy of fallot

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4
Q

What is the most common murmur in aged horses? Explain.

A

Aortic regurgitation murmur.

Diastolic form and predisposes to atrial fibrillation (atria enlarges due to thin walls & blood pushing)

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5
Q

What condition is considered a normal finding in foals in the first 3-4 days of life?

A

Patent ductus arteriosis.
Sounds like a continuous machinery murmur.
Can get prostaglandin E2 to maintain patency.

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6
Q

Even though it’s an uncommon condition, in horses what is a predisposing cause to bacterial endocarditis?

A

Catheter site causing jugular vein thrombophlebitis

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7
Q

What are the major signs that a horse has bacterial endocarditis and how would you confirm this?

A

Recent catheter.
Fever of unknown origin.
Do multiple blood cultures!

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8
Q

Define congestive heart failure.

A

Failure of cardiac system to eject sufficient blood to meet tissue demands.

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9
Q

Clinically what would you see in left sided heart faliure compared to right sided heart failure?

A

Left sided - pulmonary oedema, respiratory foamy discharge, laboured breathing, increase RR
Right sided - venous system congestion, oedema, pericardial effusion, jugular pulsations.

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10
Q

What is your treatment approach to congestive heart failure?

A 
Furosemide (pulmonary oedema) 
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (decrease vascular resistance) 
Digoxin (positive inotrope) 
Sodium restriction
Reduced exercise
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11
Q

Describe arrhythmias.

A

Common benign important condition.

Primary (cardiac structure disorder) or Secondary (underlying systemic cause like electrolytes, toxins, drugs etc.).

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12
Q

What do the following parts of the conduction pathway do?

A

SA node - generates impulse
Intermodal tracts - transmission
AV node - delays impulse to let atrium contract and fill ventricle
Bundle of His - continues impulse to ventricles
Purkinje - transmits impulse

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13
Q

In an ECG what does the P, QRS and T waves represent?

A

P - atrial depolarisation
QRS- ventricular depolarisation
T- ventricular repolarisation
Remember the atrium repolarises while ventricle is doing it’s thang.

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14
Q

Describe bradyarrhythmias like it’s an exam and you want to get good marks.

A

Non pathologic arrhythmias associated with a high sympathetic tone. The most common is a 2nd degree atrioventricular block.
CHECK OVER PICTURES FOR ECG

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15
Q

**What is the difference between a 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree atrioventricular block?

A

1st deg- prolonged PQ interval
2nd deg - no transmission of P wave (prolonged PR interval and then block
3rd deg - complete loss communication with atria & ventricles. Always pathologic.

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16
Q

On ECG what would you expect to see with a sinus bradycardia or a sinoatrial block?

A

SB - decreased rate but normal rhythm

Sino B- SA node impulse is blocked get a skipped QRS and everything.

17
Q

What is Bruit de Canon?

A

S4 on top of another heart sound (so you have the atria and ventricle contracting at the same time).

18
Q

Can you diagnose the three types of AV blocks on a ECG?

A

I hope so! Look at the photos!!

19
Q

How do you know if an AV block is pathologic?

A

More than 2 P waves are transmitted.

20
Q

How would you treat 2nd or 3rd deg AV blocks?

A

Anticholinergics like Atropine or Glycopyrrolate

Catecholamines like Dobutamine or Dopamine

21
Q

What’s the difference between Mobitz I and Mobitz II 2nd deg AV blocks?

A

Mobitz I - gradual PR interval prolongation and then block.

Mobitz II - constant PR interval and block

22
Q

Which AV block has P waves and QRS waves but they are not communicating?

A

3rd degree AV block

23
Q

What is a supraventricular premature depolarisation?

A

Get a T wave and P wave on top of eachother and short P P interval.
From post exercise (normal) or sepsis, toxins, hypoxaemia.
Lots of them = supraventricular tachycardia

24
Q

What is the most common cardiac dysrhythmia in the horse?**

A

Atrial fibrillation

25
Q

Describe atrial fibrillation.

A

Myocytes go crazy and depolarise crazily then AV node can’t process this and get irregular rhythm with no S4. From high vagal tone, K depletion, atrial enlargement.

26
Q

What will you see on ECG that indicates atrial fibrillation?

A 
F waves (Fibrillation waves) - tiny little P waves
Saw tooth P waves (Atrial flutter).
27
Q

What are some clinical signs of atrial fibrillation?

A

Poor performance*
Colic
Incidental finding
Weakness

28
Q

What are some things you should consider before treating atrial fibrillation?

A

Medications (could be causing condition)
ECG
Duration (better prognosis if hasn’t been happening for over 16 weeks).

29
Q

Why is quinidine the number 1 treatment for atrial fibrillation?

A

Sodium channel blocker than prolongs the action potential so normalises the rhythm. Done IV or NGT only. BUT monitor QRS closely for widening which indicates quinidine toxicity.

30
Q

You are treating a horse with atrial fibrillation with Quinidine gluconate for 2 days with no improvement what next?

A

Consider combining quinidine with digoxin to increase quinidine activity (but increases toxic chance!)

31
Q

What is a ventricular premature depolarisation?

A

Missing P wave. More than 3 consecutive = ventricular premature deplarisations.

32
Q

What is your treatment of choice for ventricular issues?

A

Lignocaine hydrochloride

33
Q

What is Torsades de Pointes?

A

Enlargement and narrowing of full ECG (Looks like a streamer twisting around).
Indicates quinidine toxicity.

34
Q

What will you see clinically with pericardial disease?

A

Muffled heart sounds

Get decrease QRS amplitude and electrical alternans (rhythmic QRS change)

35
Q

What are some cardiac toxins you should be aware of?

A 
Ionophores (Monensin) that allows cation build up 
Cardiac glycosides (Oleander) stops impulse control 
Rhododendrons 
Avocados

Equine Clinical Studies * (3 decks)

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