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Biology 30 > Nervous System Definitions > Flashcards

Nervous System Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory Nerves

A

Carry messages from the pain receptors in the tip of the finger to the spinal cord.

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2
Q

Motor Nerves

A

Carry messages from the spinal cord to a muscle (effector)

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3
Q

Association nerves

A

located in the gray matter and connect the sensory nerves to the motor nerves.

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4
Q

Reflexes

A
  • take place automatically without your having to think about them
  • do not depend on the brain, they do depend on the spinal cord
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5
Q

Grey matter

A
  • Contains mostly: cell bodies, dendrites,and shorty unmyelinated nerve fibres
  • Forms outer areas of brain and “H” shaped core of the spinal cord.
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6
Q

White matter

A
  • Made up of myelinated nerve fibres

- forms some inner regions of the brain and the outer area of the spinal cord

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7
Q

Meninges

A

Tough, protection tissue within the skull and spinal column.

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • part of hindbrain

- involved in unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes and body movements

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9
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • part of hindbrain
  • connects brain with spinal cord
  • controls: automatic, involuntary responses, such as heart rate, constriction / dilation of blood vessels to control blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and coughing
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10
Q

Pons

A

Relay centre between the neurons of the right and left halves of the cerebrum.

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11
Q

Midbrain

A

Relays visual and auditory info between areas of hind brain and forebrain.
> plays an important role in eye movement and control of skeletal muscles.

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12
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Receives incoming info entering the brain

- correlates processes: including consciousness, sleep, and sensory interpretation.

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • controls BP, HR, body temp, and emotions

- regulates and releases certain hormones

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14
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Centre for intellect (thinking,problem solving), memory, consciousness, and language.
  • interprets and controls response to sensory info.
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15
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • found in the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
  • transports hormones, WBC, and nutrients across the blood-brain barrier
  • acts as a shock absorber to cushion the brain.
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16
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

-responsible for language, memory, personality, conscious thought, and other activities associated with thinking and feelings.

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17
Q

Corpus callosum

A

-bundle of white matter that joins the two cerebral hemispheres of the cerebrum of the brain; tells opposite side of brain what the other side is doing.

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18
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Mainly vision

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19
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • receives and processes mainly sensory info

- senses pain and emotions

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20
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory reception and hearing.

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21
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • voluntary motor movements

- critical thinking, memory, personality

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22
Q

Outer ear

A
  • air

- contains: Pinna, auditory canal, outside of tympanum

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23
Q

Pinna

A

Collects sound

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24
Q

Auditory canal

A

Tube that conducts sound waves from the outer ear to middle ear & amplifies sounds waves.

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25
Q

Middle Ear

A

-air
-contains:
>ossicles: 1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes
>oval window
>Eustachian tube
>round window

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26
Q

Tympanum

A
  • elastic structure within the middle ear that vibrates in response to sound waves
  • aka ear drum
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27
Q

Ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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28
Q

Oval window

A

Connective tissue membrane located at the end of the middle ear + beginning of inner ear.

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29
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Equalizes air pressure within the middle ear.

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30
Q

Inner ear

A
  • fluids

- contains: semicircular canals, cochlea,auditory nerve.

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31
Q

Cochlea

A
  • used for hearing

- mechanical energy of sound is converted into electrochemical impulses that are transmitted to the brain.

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32
Q

Organ of corti

A
  • Organ of hearing found within the cochlea of the inner ear.
  • contains hair cells that detect vibrations in the inner ear and transmits the info to the auditory nerve.
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33
Q

Hair cells

A

Sensory mechanoreceptors attached to the basilar membrane in the organs corti within the inner ear.

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34
Q

Semicircular canals

A
  • contains sensors for balance
  • three fluid filled loops
  • contains mechanoreceptors that detect head and body rotation.
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35
Q

Utricle

A

-sac like cavity in the vestibule of the inner ear; contains sensory receptors for gravitational gravity.

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36
Q

Saccule

A

Saclike cavity in the vestibule of the inner ear; contains sensory receptors for gravitational equilibrium.

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37
Q

Otoliths

A

Detects movement of the head

Located in the utricle and saccule.

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38
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

-type of mechanoreceptors found in muscles: senses body’s position and movements to send info about body position to the brain.

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39
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment

>detection (stimulus) ➡️ integration (receptors) ➡️ response (modulator)

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40
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • Brain and spinal cord

- nerves

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41
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

-nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and send info from the CNS to the muscles and glands
> consists of the autonomic and somatic systems.

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42
Q

Neurons

A
  • nerve cell

- specialized to respond to physical and chemical stimuli

43
Q

Glial cells

A
  • support cell of the nervous system

- nourishes neurons, removes their waste, defends against infections.

44
Q

Nerve

A

Message pathway of the nervous systems; made up of many neurons grouped into bundles and surrounded by protective connective tissue.

45
Q

Reflex arcs

A

A reflex action in response to a stimulus

46
Q

Dendrites

A

Short, branching terminal on a nerve cell (neuron) that receives signals from other neurons or sensory receptors and relays the impulse to the body.

47
Q

Cell body

A
  • Main part of neuron

- If sensation received is strong enough it relays it to the axon where an impulses initiated.

48
Q

Axon

A
  • Long, tail like structure in a neuron

- transmits impulses away from the cell body along its length to the next neuron.

49
Q

Myelin sheath

A
  • Fatty,insulated layer on the axon of a nerve cell
  • composed of Schwann cells
  • speeds the rate of nerve impulse transmission
50
Q

Membrane potential

A

Electrical charge separation across a cell membrane a form of potential energy.

51
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Potential difference across the membrane and the resting neuron.

52
Q

Polarization

A

Lowering the membrane potential of the cell below it’s equilibrium value and nerves the process of generating a resting membrane potential of of -70 mV

53
Q

Sodium potassium exchange pump

A

Uses the energy of ATP need to transport sodium ions out and potassium ions into animal cells;important in nerve and muscle cells

54
Q

Depolarization

A

reducing a membrane potential to less than the resting potential of -70 mV

55
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • gaps in the Mylan sheath insulating the axon of a myelinated nerve cell
  • action potentials the car only at these nodes.
  • nerve impulses jump from one node of Ranvier to the next
56
Q

Action potential

A
  • in a axon
  • The change in charge that occurs when the gates of the potassium channels close and the gates of the sodium channels open after a wave of depolarization is triggered
57
Q

Threshold potential

A

The minimum change in the membrane potential required to generate an action potential; usually -55 mV.

58
Q

Repolarization

A

Return of the nerve to its resting potential following depolarization.

59
Q

Refractory period

A

The brief time between the triggering of an impulse along an axon and it’s readiness of the next impulse; during this time, the axon cannot transmit an impulse.

60
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between two neurons or between a neuron and effector (muscle or gland)

61
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell

62
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messengers greeted by neuron’s to carry a neural signals from one neuron to another or from a neuron to an effector

63
Q

Acetylcholine

A

The primary neurotransmitter of both the somatic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
>acetylcholine excites the muscle cell membrane, causing the flurries Asian contraction of the muscle fiber.
>If remain in the synapse. The muscle fiber Sellwood not repolarization would remain instead of excitation [Contraction].

64
Q

Cholinesterase

A

Enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in a synapse

65
Q

Dopamine

A

-Affects the brain synapses in the control of body movements; is willing to sensations of pleasure such as eating

66
Q

Serotonin

A

Regulates temperature and sensory perception; is involved in mood control.

67
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural painkiller; also affects emotional areas of the brain

68
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Opposite of hormone epinephrine which readies the body to respond to fight or flight situations

69
Q

Somatic system

A

Division of peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscle.

70
Q

Autonomic system

A

Division of the peripheral nervous system that is under involuntary control; regulates secretions and functions of smooth and cardiac muscle

71
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • fight / flight
  • increase metabolism
  • nerve; accelerator
  • hormone; adrenaline
72
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • normalizes
  • decreased metabolism
  • nerves; vagus
  • hormone; ACh
73
Q

Sensory receptors

A
  • when sensory receptors initiate neural responses, sensation occurs.
  • sensation occurs when the neural impulse arrives at the cerebral cortex
74
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

The process of the brain filtering out redundant, insignificant information

75
Q

Photoreceptors

A

-rods and cones that absorb light and allow us to sense different levels of light and shades of color.

76
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

– Stimulated by certain chemicals

– Nose; old factory cells that detect odours in the air

77
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

– Responds to mechanical forces from some form of pressure.

78
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

– In skin

– Detect heat and cold

79
Q

Four processes for formation of retinal image:

A
  1. Refraction; bending light rays through mediums
  2. Accommodation of lens; -thins: for far vision
  3. Adaptation: pupil constriction/ dilation
  4. Convergence of eyes: retina records image in same area (fovea)
80
Q

Conduction pathway to visual image area

A
  1. Neurons conduct impulses from rods and cons in retina
  2. Optic nerves
  3. Optic chiasma
  4. Optic tracts
  5. Thalamus
  6. Cerebrum: occipital lobe
81
Q

Cornea

A

– transparent part of the sclera

– Bends light rays into the eye

82
Q

Sclera

A
  • Protects and supports the eyeball
  • White and tough protective layer
  • external layer
83
Q

Choroid

A

– Observe scattered light and contains blood vessels

- intermediate layer

84
Q

Iris

A
  • Colored part of eye

- regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

85
Q

Pupil

A

– Opening for light to enter the inner eye

86
Q

Adaptation

A
  • process by which the iris adjust the size of the people based on like conditions, thereby controlling the amount of light that enters
87
Q

Retina

A
  • internal layer of the eye

- contains photoreceptors: rods & cones

88
Q

Rods

A

– Peripheral vision
– Light receptors detect black versus white
– Contains rhodopsin: light absorbing pigment
– Vitamin A helps night vision
-sensitive to dim light

89
Q

Cones

A 
-stereoscopic vision/clarity
– Fovea 
-three types; red, blue and green
– Blind spot; no receptors
-sensitive to different wavelengths of light (color vision)
90
Q

Optic nerve

A

Transmits sensory information to the brain

91
Q

Aqueous humor

A

– Maintains the shape of the cornea and provides oxygen and nutrients from surrounding cells including those of the lens and cornea.

92
Q

Glaucoma

A

– condition caused when ducts that drain aqueous humor are blocked; result in high pressure rupturing delicate blood vessels in the eye and results in lack of oxygen and nutrients; can lead to blindness if untreated

93
Q

Vitreous humor

A

– Maintains shape of eyeball

-support surrounding cells

94
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light rays on to fovea centralis

95
Q

Accommodation

A

Adjustment that the ciliary muscles make to the shape of the lens to focus on objects at varying distances

96
Q

Cataracts

A

Cloudy or opaque area on the lens caused by the degeneration of protein structure of the lens; prevents the passing of life; increases in size over time and can lead to blindness is not medically treated

97
Q

Astigmatism

A

Uneven curvature of part of the cornea or lens that results in uneven focus and therefore blurry vision

98
Q

Myopia

A

– Nearsightedness

  • eyeball is too long
  • Image falls in front of the retina and is corrected by wearing a concave lens
99
Q

Hyperopia

A
  • results from focused image falling behind the retina and is corrected by wearing a convex lens
  • eyeball too short
100
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Contains a high density of cones and provides acute vision

101
Q

Blind spot

A

No photoreceptors present

102
Q

Color blindness

A

An inherited condition that occurs more frequently in males than females, caused by a lack of particular cones, usually red and green

103
Q

What is a bundle of neurons called?

A

Nerves

104
Q

Tissue

A

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Biology 30 (4 decks)

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