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Anatomy Lectures > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The ability to respond to stimuli

A

Excitability

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2
Q

Production of electrical signals that that travel to other locations

A

Conductivity

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3
Q

Production of neurotransmitters at the end of nerve fibres that jump the gap and stimulate the next cell

A

Secretion

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4
Q

Two types of cells

A

Neuron

Neurolgia

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5
Q

Conducting cell that transmits impulses and is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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6
Q
  • Non conductive and provide a support system for neurons

* Special type of connective tissue for nervous system

A

Neuroglia

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7
Q

Neuron number in the human brain

A

10^11

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8
Q

Glia per neuron

A

10-50

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9
Q

Neurons are ………….. cells that are highly specialised to detect detect stimuli, respond quickly and transmit codes information to other cells

A

Amitotic

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10
Q

Neuron number in body

A

100x10^9

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11
Q

Each neuron is connected to …………. other neurons

A

10,000

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12
Q

Astroglia
Oligodendroglia
Microglia
Ependyma

A

Neuroglia of the CNS

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13
Q

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

A

Neuroglia of the PNS

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14
Q

Sensory (afferent) division

A
  • Transmits information from the periphery to the CNS

* Contains receptors

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15
Q

Receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles and special senses

A

Somatic sensory

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16
Q

Receives sensory information from viscera

A

Visceral sensory

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17
Q

Motor (efferent) division

A
  • Transmits information from CNS to the rest of the body

* Sends motor information to effectors

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18
Q

Voluntary nervous system: innervated skeletal muscle

A

Somatic motor

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19
Q

Involuntary nervous system: innervated cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

A

Autonomic motor

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20
Q

Consists of aggregations of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons and neuroglial cells

A

Gray matter

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21
Q

Gray appearance in grey matter is caused by ……………..

A

Absence of myelin

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22
Q

Composed mostly of myelinated nerve fibres along with some unmyelinated fibres and neuroglial cells

A

White matter

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23
Q

Axons, dendrites and neuroglial processes form a tangled network of neural tissue called:

A

Neuropil

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24
Q

Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies embedded with white matter

A

Nuclei

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25
Q

Aggregations of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A

Ganglia

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26
Q

Gray matter location in brain

A

Periphery(cortex) of the cerebellum and cerebrum and forms the deeper basal ganglia

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27
Q

White matter location in brain

A

Deep to the cortex and surrounds the basal ganglia

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28
Q

White matter location in the spinal cord

A

Periphery of spinal cord

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29
Q

Gray matter location in the spinal cord

A

Deep in the spinal cord where is forms an H shape in cross section

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30
Q

Spinal cord functions in nerve coordination

A
  • Coordinating centre for the reflex arc

* Connecting network between peripheral nervous system and the brain

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31
Q

Conduction of nerve impulses towards the nervous system

A

Afferent

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32
Q

Conduction of nerve impulses swag from the nervous system

A

Efferent

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33
Q

Afferent nerve fibres arise:

A

From the senses

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34
Q

Efferent (motor nerves) arise from:

A

Central nervous system

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35
Q

Efferent (motor nerves) include:

A
  • Somatic nerve fibres(innervate skeletal muscles)

* Autonomic nerve fibres(innervate smooth, cardiac muscles and glands)

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36
Q

Reflexes

A
  • Require stimulations
  • Are quick
  • Stereotyped
  • Involuntary
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37
Q

The nervous system develops from the …………… of the embryo in response to signalling molecules from the …………

A

Ectoderm

Notochord

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38
Q

At the beginning of the third week, the ………….. has the shape of a ………. that is broader in the ………… than in the caudal region

A

Ectodermal germ later
Disc
Cephalic
Caudal

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39
Q

Notochord releases signalling molecules that induce ectoderm to form ………… which thickens and forms the …………

A

neuroepithelium

Neural plate

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40
Q

Neural plate forms ……….. whose edges continue to grow towards each other forming the ………..

A

neural groove

Neural tube

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41
Q

Rostral(anterior) end of the neural tube develops into

A

The brain

42
Q

Caudal(posterior) portion of the neural tube develops into:

A

Spinal cord

43
Q

Neural tube additionally gives rise to

A
  • Neuroglia
  • Ependyma
  • Neurons
  • Choroid plexus
44
Q

Neuralation

A

Process of neural tube formation

45
Q

Neuralation stages

A
  • Shaping(neuroepithelum to neural plate)
  • Bending (neural plate)
  • Fusion (neural folds to neural tube)
46
Q

Cells lining the groove are …………. which give rise to all the cells of the ……….

A

Neuroepithelial cells

CNS

47
Q

Ectoderm at the margins of the neural folds represent cells destined to become ………… that will give rise to the main elements of the ………

A

Neural crest cells

Peripheral nervous system

48
Q
  • Fusion of the neural tube begins in the ………….. and proceeds cranially and caudally.
  • Until fusion is complete, the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural tube communicate with the amniotic cavity through cranial and caudal ……….
A
  • Cervical region (middle of the embryo)

* Neuropores

49
Q

Cranial neuropore closes at day ……. whereas the caudal at day………

A

25

27

50
Q

Neural tube layers

A

Ventricular zone
Intermediate zone
Marginal zone

51
Q

Gives rise to neuroblasts(nerve cells) and glioblasts(supporting cells)

A

Ventricular zone

52
Q

Neuroblasts and glioblasts in the intermediate zone form two collections of cells called the …………. and the ……………. separated by a groove called the …………..

A

Alar plate
Basal plate
Sulcus limitans

53
Q

Cells in the alar plate become ………… and form the ……………… of the spinal cord

A

Afferent (sensory) neurons

Dorsal horn

54
Q

Cells in the basal plate become ……………. and form the …………… of the spinal cord

A

Efferent (motor) neurons

Central horn

55
Q

Between the basal and alar played is …………… that contains neurons of the autonomic nervous system

A

Intermediate layer

56
Q

Primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon- Forebrain
Mesencephalon-Midbrain
Rhombencephalon-Hindbrain

57
Q

Above the mesencephalon is the …………… and beneath it is the ……………

A
  • Prosencephalon (future forebrain)

* Rhombencephalon (future hindbrain)

58
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain

59
Q

The optic vesicle which will eventually become the
-……….
-……….
-………..
Forms at the basal plate of the ………..

A

Optic nerve
Retina
Iris
Prosencephalon

60
Q

Prosencephalon develops into:

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

61
Q

The mesencephalon develops into the:

A

mesencephalon

62
Q

The rhombencephalon develops into:

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

63
Q

Telencephalon develops into:

A

Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres(cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

64
Q

Diencephalon develops into:

A

Diencephalon(thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, Retina)

65
Q

Mesencephalon develops into:

A

Brain stem: midbrain

66
Q

Metenceohalon develops into:

A

Brain stem: pons

Cerebellum

67
Q

Myelencephalon develops into:

A

Brain stem: medulla oblongata

68
Q

Spinal cord is a cylinder of nervous tissue that is continuous with the:

A

Medulla oblongata

69
Q

Spinal cord begins at …………. and passes through the …………. as far as the inferior margin of the first ……………

A

Foramen magnum
Vertebral canal
Lumbar vertebra

70
Q

Thickness of spinal cord

A

1.8 cm

71
Q

Length of spinal cord

A

45cm

72
Q

Divisions of spinal cord

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

73
Q

In the inferior cervical region of the spinal cord, a cervical enlargement gives rise to ………..

A

Nerves of the upper limbs

74
Q

In the lumbosacral region, a lumbar enlargement gives ……….

A

Nerves to the pelvic region and lower limbs

75
Q

Inferior to the lumbar enlargement, the spinal cord tapers to a point called:

A

Medullary cone

76
Q

The ……………. and …………… give rise to a bundle to nerve roots that occupy the canal of vertebrae ………. to …………. and this bundle is called the ……………

A

Lumbar enlargement
Medullary cone
L2 to S5
Cauda equina

77
Q

The cauda equina innervates

A

The pelvic organs and lower limbs

78
Q

Caudal to the conus medullaris is the:

A

Terminal filament

79
Q

Enlargement of the space in the Dural sac, caudal to the medullary cone containing the cauda equina

A

Lumbar cistern

80
Q

Lumbar cistern

A

Extends from level L2 to level S2

81
Q

Spinal cord is suspended in the dural sac by:

A

Denticulate ligament on each side

82
Q

Denticulate ligament

A

Lateral extensions from the lateral surfaces of the pia mater

83
Q

Fibrous membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

84
Q

Meninges function

A

Separate soft tissue of CNS from the bones of the vertebrae and skull

85
Q

Meninges types from superficial to deep

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

86
Q

Histologically neurons contain ……… which is mainly composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Nissel substance

87
Q

Because of the RNA content nissel substance is:

A

Highly basophillic

88
Q

is at the apex of the dorsal horn, and contains the posterior marginal
nucleus. These cells respond to thermal and other noxious stimuli, and receive axosomatic connections from lamina II. The dorsolateral tract of Lissauer separates
this lamina from the surface of the spinal cord

A

Lamina I

89
Q

(substantia gelatinosa) consists of Golgi type II neurons (a nerve cell with a short axon that ramifies in the gray matter of the CNS), receiving fibers that carry pain and temperature sensations. Their axons contribute to the formation of the Lissauer
zone (dorsolateral fasciculus).

A

Lamina II

90
Q

are rich in substance P (excitatory

neurotransmitter of pain impulses), in opioid receptors and the enkephalin.

A

Lamina I and II

91
Q

contain the largest dorsal horn nucleus, the nucleus proprius, which
also exists at all cord levels. It contributes axons to the lateral spinothalamic tract and
receives virtually all sensory modalities carried by the dorsal root (movement,
position, vibration and two-point discrimination from the dorsal white column).

A

Laminae III and IV

92
Q

occupies the neck of the posterior horn and establishes synapses
with the corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts. The lateral part is known as the reticular nucleus

A

Lamina V

93
Q

is present in the spinal cord enlargements and particularly absent
in the T4 through the L2 segments. It receives group I muscle afferents in its medial zone, and descending spinal terminations in its lateral zone.

A

Lamina VI

94
Q

forms the intermediate zone contains the Clarke’s, intermediolateral & intermediomedial
nuclei, and receives fibers from the
corticospinal & rubrospinal tracts

A

Lamina VII

95
Q

extends from the
C8/T1 through L2/L3, giving rise to the
dorsal spinocerebellar tract

A

Clarke’s nucleus

96
Q 
-occupies the lateral horn between the T1 and
the L2/L3 spinal segments, providing
preganglionic sympathetic axons.
-At the S2 through S4, this nucleus
provides preganglionic
parasympathetic fibers
A

Intermediolateral nucleus

97
Q

extends
the entire length of the spinal cord
and receives visceral afferents

A

intermediomedial nucleus

98
Q

is a zone of heterogeneous cells in the anterior horn most
prominent in the spinal cord enlargements (T1 through L2/L3). It is associated with autonomic function, and contains commissural neurons which receive
axons of the tectospinal, vestibulospinal, and pontine reticulospinal tracts

A

Lamina VIII

99
Q

contains clusters of large α & γ motor nerve cells in the anterior horn. The larger cells send out α efferent motoneuron axons to the extrafusal skeletal
muscle fibers, while smaller cells send out γ motoneuron axons to the intrafusal
spindle fibers

A

Lamina IX

100
Q

receives excitatory input from the
descending pathways and the reflex arcs, and inhibitory input from the
propriospinal neurons

A

Alpha motor neurons

101
Q

consists of small neurons that
form the gray commissures around the central canal. It receives some afferents
from the dorsal root fibers and contains
neuroglial cells in its ventral part that
send cytoplasmic extensions to the
adjacent pia mater

A

Lamina X

Anatomy Lectures (7 decks)

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