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Bio 126 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Motor/efferent pathway controlling voluntary movement

A

Somatic Nervous System

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2
Q

Motor/efferent pathway controlling involuntary movement

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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3
Q

Division that regulates flight or fight response

A

Sympathetic Division

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4
Q

Division that regulates rest & digest

A

Parasympathetic Division

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5
Q

aka Cell Bodies or Perikarya

contains essential cellular components of the neuron

A

Soma

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6
Q

cell bodies in the PNS

A

Ganglion

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7
Q

cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nucleus

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8
Q
  • transmits signals to other neurons

- covered in fatty myelin that speeds up transmission signals

A

Axons or Nerve Fibers

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9
Q

axons in the PNS

A

Nerve

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10
Q

axons in the CNS

A

Tracts

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11
Q

site where branches converge & co-mingle before being distributed

A

Nerve Plexus

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12
Q

receive signals from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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13
Q

sheath of living cells on the surface of PNS neurons that produces & maintains myelin

A

Neurillema

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14
Q

neurons with one primary process that branches out

A

Unipolar

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15
Q

neurons with two processes (dendrites + axon)

A

Bipolar

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16
Q

neurons with one axon + multiple dendrites

A

Multipolar

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17
Q

surrounds individual axons

A

Endoneurium

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18
Q

bundles of axons targeting the same location

A

Fascicles

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19
Q

surrounds each fasciculus

A

Perineurium

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20
Q

group of several fascicles supplied by the same blood vessels

A

Nerve

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21
Q

fibrous covering of a nerve

A

Epineurium

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22
Q

non-transmitting cells that support neurons

A

Neuroglia

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23
Q

phylogenetically oldest neuroglia that line the neurocoel (ventricles of the brain + central canal of the spinal cord) involved in the production of CSF

A

Ependymal Cells

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24
Q

deposit myelin on the surface of PNS axons

A

Schwann Cells

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25
Q

deposit myelin on the surface of CNS axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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26
Q
  • found between blood capillaries and neurons in the CNS
  • maintain the blood-brain barrier by transferring nutrients from the bloodstream into the neuron and recycling neurotransmitters and ions
A

Astrocytes

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27
Q

remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens via phagocytosis

A

Microglia

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28
Q

regulate nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in the PNS

A

Satellite Cells

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29
Q

centralization of complex responses in the front end of the nerve cord, resulting in a brain

A

Cephalization

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30
Q
  • begins at the foramen magnum & continuous w/ the brain

- contained within the vertebral column

A

Spinal Cord

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31
Q
  • exit through intervertebral foramina

- responsible for spinal reflexes & relaying info to & from the brain

A

Spinal Nerves

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32
Q

bundle of caudal vertebrae formed due to spinal cord being shorter

A

Cauda Equina

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33
Q
  • part of spinal cord filled with cerebral spinal fluid

- remnant of neurocoel

A

Central Canal

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34
Q
  • unmyelinated nuclei & dendrites
  • found in interior in the spinal cord
  • found in exterior of the brain
A

Gray Matter

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35
Q

where sensory neurons in the spinal cord emerge

A

Dorsal Horn

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36
Q

where visceral neurons in the spinal cord emerge

A

Lateral Horn

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37
Q

where motor neurons in the spinal cord emerge

A

Ventral Horn

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38
Q
  • myelinated nerve fibers & neuroglia
  • found in exterior in the spinal cord (divided into anterior, lateral & posterior funiculi)
  • found in interior of the brain
A

White Matter

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39
Q
  • axons that connect components of the CNS together

- may be primarily sensory or motor

A

Tracts

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40
Q
  • connective tissue membranes on the outer glial membrane of the CNS
  • continuous within spinal cord & brain
A

Meninges

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41
Q
  • tough and dense fibrous outer membrane of meninges
A

Dura Mater

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42
Q
  • filmy weblike membrane in the middle of meninges

- most vascularized meninx

A

Arachnoid

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43
Q
  • inner membrane adhering to the glial membrane of the cord or brain
  • attached to the arachnoid by a network of fibrous strands traversing a subarachnoid space filled with CSF
A

Pia Mater

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44
Q
  • inner region composed of developing neural tube w/ actively mitotic cells forming neuroblasts and glioblasts
  • eventually disappears
A

Ventricular zone / Germinal layer

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45
Q
  • middle region of developing neural tube composed of cells proliferated from the germinal layer
  • becomes gray matter
A

Intermediate zone / Mantle layer

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46
Q
  • outer region of developing neural tube practically devoid of nuclei
  • becomes white matter
A

Marginal zone

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47
Q
  • groove along the lining of the central canal

- divides the intermediate zone into two plates

A

Sulcus Limitans

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48
Q
  • dorsal to the sulcus limitans → dorsal horn (gray matter)

- gives rise to sensory neurons

A

Alar Plate

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49
Q
  • ventral to the sulcus limitans → ventral horn (gray matter)
  • gives rise to motor neurons
A

Basal Plate

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50
Q

union of spinal nerves that emerge from the dorsal/ventral horns & eventually unite

A

Spinal Roots

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51
Q

mostly or wholly sensory spinal roots

A

Dorsal Roots

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52
Q

purely motor spinal roots

A

Ventral Roots

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53
Q

bundle of cell bodies just proximal to emergence of the dorsal root

A

Dorsal Root Ganglia

54
Q

supplies epaxial muscles & skin of the back

A

Dorsal Ramus

55
Q

supplies hypaxial muscles & skin to the midventral raphe

A

Ventral Ramus

56
Q

union of ventral rami

A

Spinal Nerve Plexuses

57
Q
  • composed of a gray and a white ramus

- connect the spinal nerves with the sympathetic ganglia in the trunk (thoracic & lumbar regions)

A

Ramus Communicans

58
Q

spinal cord receives sensory signals and directly connects the sensory neuron to the effector motor neuron, so the brain does not need to process the signal for a response to occur

A

Spinal Reflexes

59
Q

future Forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

60
Q

develop into the Telencephalon

A

Telencephalic vesicles

61
Q

develop into the Diencephalon

A

Optic vesicles

62
Q

future Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

63
Q
  • future Hindbrain

- composed of Myelencephalon & Metencephalon

A

Rhombencephalon

64
Q
  • fluid-filled cavities through which CSF flows

- continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

A

Ventricles

65
Q

modified ependymal cells that produce the CSF

A

Choroid Plexus

66
Q

one-way valve that allows the flow of CSF from the subarachnoid space into the dural venous sinuses (blood) but prevents the backward flow of CSF if the fluid pressure is reversed

A

Arachnoid Villi

67
Q

Medulla Oblongata (location)

A

in Myelencephalon

68
Q

1) Houses primary nuclei of cranial nerves
2) Major route of ascending and descending pathways to and from higher centers of the brain
3) Contains centers for visceral, auditory, and proprioceptive reflexes (e.g. respiration, heartbeat, and intestinal motility)

A

Medulla Oblongata

69
Q

Vagal lobes (location)

A

in Myelencephalon

70
Q
  • termination of incoming sensory fibers for taste

- in fishes: large swelling of the nucleus solitarus in the alar plate w/ taste buds over entire surface

A

Vagal lobes

71
Q

Pyramidal Tracts (location)

A

in Myelencephalon

72
Q
  • corticospinal tracts that carry voluntary motor impulses from cerebral cortex to spinal cord
  • in mammals: ventral ridges on myelencephalon
A

Pyramidal Tracts

73
Q

cavity of hindbrain

A

Fourth Ventricle

74
Q

Cerebellum (location)

A

in Metencephalon

75
Q
  • primary component of the roof of the hindbrain
    1) Coordinates response of skeletal muscles to positional input from:
  • membranous labyrinth
  • lateral-line canals
  • proprioceptors
  • motor centers in the brainstem and forebrain
    2) ↑Size = ↑complexity of muscular activity
A

Cerebellum

76
Q

Pons (location)

A

in Metencephalon

77
Q
  • enlargement of the amniote hindbrain floor
    1) Formed by nuclei that convey info from cerebrum to the cerebellum
    2) Contains a ventral decussation among mammals with large cerebellums
A

Pons

78
Q

Tectum (location)

A

in Mesencephalon

79
Q

roof of the mesencephalon

A

Tectum

80
Q
  • in Tectum

- reflex and relay centers receiving impulses from the retina

A

Optic Lobes / Superior Colliculi

81
Q
  • in Tectum
  • caudal to the optic lobes
  • reflex and relay centers receiving impulses from the inner ear and other sources
A

Auditory Lobes / Inferior Colliculi

82
Q

optic + auditory lobes

A

Corpora quadrigemina

83
Q

Tegmentum (location)

A

in Mesencephalon

84
Q
  • floor of the mesencephalon

- thickened by nuclei and aggregates of tracts connecting higher levels of the brain with the midbrain

A

Tegmentum

85
Q
  • in Tegmentum

- large mass of gray matter that participates in control of striated muscles

A

Red Nucleus

86
Q
  • in Tegmentum

- tracts that connect the cerebral cortex with the red nucleus

A

Cerebral peduncles

87
Q

Cerebral aqueduct / aqueduct of Sylvius (location)

A

in Mesencephalon

88
Q

canal that constricts the midbrain ventricle

A

Cerebral aqueduct / aqueduct of Sylvius

89
Q

Epithalamus (location)

A

in Diencephalon

90
Q
  • dorsalmost component of Diencephalon

- roof of the third ventricle

A

Epithalamus

91
Q
  • in Epithalamus
  • in lampreys: photoreceptors
  • in gnathostomes: endocrine organ that responds to light
A

Pineal organ / Epiphysis

92
Q
  • in Epithalamus
  • in Sphenodon: photosensitive organ
  • in lizards: parietal eye
A

Parapineal Organ

93
Q
  • in Epithalamus
  • elevations of a pair of underlying nuclei for olfaction
  • carry impulses from olfactory nuclei, hypothalamus, forebrain nuclei to thalamus & forebrain
A

Habenulae

94
Q

Thalamus (location)

A

in Diencephalon

95
Q
  • largest structure of the diencephalon
  • walls of the third ventricle
  • paired mass of multiple nuclei bulging dorsally behind the cerebral hemispheres
  • where all ascending sensory pathways to the telencephalon synapse in before continuing to the telencephalon
A

Thalamus

96
Q
  • in Thalamus

- oval bridge of gray matter formed from large bulges of the left and right thalami into the third ventricle

A

Massa intermedia

97
Q

Hypothalamus (location)

A

in Diencephalon

98
Q
  • floor and ventrolateral walls of the third ventricle
    1) Homeostasis
  • major reflex control over the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system
  • contains receptors for monitoring the sodium chloride and glucose content in blood
  • regulates appetite and internal temperature
    2) Emotional Response
  • via connections with basal ganglia (limbic system)
    3) Connection to Cerebellum
  • via inferior lobes
A

Hypothalamus

99
Q

Pituitary / Hypophysis (location)

A

in Diencephalon

100
Q
  • bilobed endocrine gland: posterior neurohypophysis and anterior adenohypophysis
  • connected to the hypothalamus via an infundibular stalk
A

Pituitary / Hypophysis

101
Q

Optic chiasma (location)

A

in Diencephalon

102
Q

ventral, cephalic boundary of the diencephalon where optic nerves reach the brain

A

Optic chiasma

103
Q

Third ventricle (location)

A

in Diencephalon

104
Q
  • cavity of the diencephalon

- continuous with the cerebral aqueduct and the lateral ventricles of the cerebrum via the interventricular foramen

A

Third ventricle

105
Q

Circle of Willis (location)

A

in Diencephalon

106
Q

blood vessels supplying blood to the brain

A

Circle of Willis

107
Q

Paraphysis (location)

A

in Telencephalon

108
Q
  • evagination of embryonic neurocoel that forms a wrinkled thin-walled sac between the diencephalon and the telencephalon
  • only in amniotes except Sphenodon
A

Paraphysis

109
Q

Olfactory Bulbs (location)

A

in Telencephalon

110
Q
  • extend forward from the hemispheres in contact w/ ethmoid cartilages/bones
    1) Receive axon-like processes from olfactory cells in the epithelium
    2) Transmit olfactory information to the cerebrum via olfactory tracts
A

Olfactory Bulbs

111
Q

Lateral Ventricles (location)

A

in Telencephalon

112
Q
  • ventricles of the telencephalon, one in each hemisphere

- continuous with 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramen

A

Lateral Ventricles

113
Q
  • a perpendicular wall in mammals that separates the two interventricular foramina during embryonic development
A

Lamina terminalis

114
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres (location)

A

in Telencephalon

115
Q

folded to accommodate increased volume

A

Cerebral Hemispheres

116
Q

rounded folds in the cerebral hemispheres

A

Gyri

117
Q

grooves in the cerebral hemispheres that separate the gyri

A

Sulci

118
Q

deep sulcus in the cerebral hemispheres

A

Fissure

119
Q

interconnections of the left and right hemispheres, the most prominent of which is the corpus callosum

A

Commissures

120
Q

dorsal region of the cerebrum

A

Pallium

121
Q

receives small primary olfactory input and substantial auditory, lateral line, somatosensory, and visual inputs

A

Medial pallium

122
Q

receive ascending input such as visual and auditory information from the thalamus

A

Dorsal & lateral pallium

123
Q

ventral region of the cerebrum

A

Subpallium

124
Q
  • latero-ventral region of subpallium that are part of the basal ganglia, an assortment of nuclear groups at the base of the cerebral hemisphere
  • controls sequence of actions in complex movements
A

Striatum

125
Q

medial region of the subpallium that is an important part of the limbic system

A

Septum

126
Q

have an inverted telencephalon

A

Ray-finned fish

127
Q
  • derived from the lateral wall of the pallium, increasing the size of the cerebrum
  • receives visual, auditory, and somatic sensory stimuli and transmits information to the striatum and the rest of the pallium
  • found in non-avian reptiles
A

Dorsal Ventricular Ridge (DVR)

128
Q
  • dorsal part of the DVR enlarged, giving rise to a larger forebrain
  • found in birds
A

Wulst

129
Q
  • formed from enlargement of the dorsal pallium
    1) center of somatic sensory processing (environmental awareness)
    2) voluntary motor cortex that initiates voluntary motor activity
    3) collates sensory info & stores as memory
A

Neocortex / cerebral cortex

130
Q

4 lobes of the cerebral cortex/neocortex

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

131
Q

massive band of white matter, connecting the neocortex with the brainstem

A

Internal Capsule

Bio 126 (3 decks)

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