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Module 102, Theme 1 Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cells of the nervous system?

A
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2
Q

Structure of Neurons

A

Soma/ cell body - Contains the nucleus - Synthesis of proteins/ ion channels - Important for cellular metabolism Dendrites - Receives inputs - Convey information towards soma - Large surface area for synapse formation Axon hillock - Origin of the axon - Very excitable Axon - Transmits AP - Usually only one Axon terminals -Synapse on other neurons, effector organs or forms specialised sensory endings

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3
Q

Different types of neurons

A

Unipolar neuron - - one axon only - e.g. primary sensory neurons - Cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia Bipolar neuron - one axon and one dendrite - e.g. Specialised sensory neurons - Found in retina Multipolar neurons - one axon and multiple dendrites - e.g. majority of neurons in brain and motor neurons

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4
Q

Axons 2 types:

A

Myelinated and unmyelinated

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5
Q

What are the two directions of conduction

A

Afferent – Axons that carry information to central nervous system Efferent – Axons that carry information away from central nervous system

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6
Q

Synapses - what are they? two types?

A

Junction between axon terminal and target cell Two types: - Electrical synapses - Chemical synapses

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7
Q

Characteristics of chemical synapses

A
  • Use neurotransmitters (e.g. acetylcholine) - Depolarisation of presynaptic membrane opens Ca+ channels - Vesicles fuse to membrane and release neurotransmitter
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8
Q

Neuroglia of CNS

A

Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Microglia

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9
Q

Functions of an Astrocyte

A
  • Provide structural support - Supply nutrients (glucose) - Maintain ionic environment (remove K+) - Neurotransmitter uptake - Repair of the nervous system - Form barrier around vessels
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10
Q

Functions of Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Production and maintenance of myelin sheath - One oligodendrocyte myelinates multiple axons
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11
Q

Functions of Microglia

A
  • Immune cells - Phagocytic (like macrophages) - Cytotoxic (releasing H2O2) - Promote repair
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12
Q

Neuroglia of the PNS

A

Schwann cells - Myelinate axons - important in regeneration - one schwann cell per axon

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13
Q

How is the brain divided?

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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14
Q

Forebrain: structure and function

A

Highly developed and folded for increased surface area. the outer layer is grey matter making up the cerebral cortex function is to process motor and sensory information. 80% of function is cognition.

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15
Q

Lobes of the forebrain and their general function

A

Frontal lobe: primary motor cortex Temporal - auditory and olfactory Parietal - somatosensory Occipital - visual

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16
Q

Characteristics of the thalamus

A

Relay centre of the brain. two structures paired located in the centre of the brain. - Sensory information passes via the thalamus before reaching the cortex

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17
Q

Hypothalamus function and structure

A

homeostasis Controls: - Autonomic nervous system - Endocrine system

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18
Q

Midbrain and hindbrain function

A

Forms the brain stem 1. Connects cortex to spinal cord 2. Controls respiration and the cardiovascular systems

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19
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Coordinates muscular activity

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20
Q

Spinal cord anatomical location

A
  • Extends from atlas to first lumbar vertebra (L1) - Sits within vertebral canal
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21
Q

Different functions of the Spinal cord

A
  • Conveys information from PNS to brain (sensory) - Conveys information from brain to PNS (motor) - Involved in reflexes - Segmentally organised
22
Q

Anatomy of the spinal cord

A
  • Inner core of grey matter > Neuronal cell bodies - Outer, white matter > Myelinated axons > Convey information to/from brain
23
Q

Function of peripheral nervous system

A
  • Connects CNS with periphery - Nerve supply to muscles, glands, skin, vessels, viscera - Peripheral nerves convey motor, sensory and autonomic axons
24
Q

two components of the PNS

A
  1. Somatic component > skeletal muscle, sensory from skin, muscles, joints 2. Autonomic component > organs and vessels
25
Q

Where do PNS nerves arise from?

A

Cranial nerves from brain Spinal nerves from spinal cords

26
Q

Spinal nerves provide:

A

They provide: - Motor (somatic motor) and sensory (somatosensory) supply to whole body, except head and parts of neck - Sympathetic supply to whole body Excellent segmental organisation -> one pair of spinal nerves at each vertebrae

27
Q

Organisation of the nerves

A

8 cervical - upper limb, head and neck 12 thoracic - thorax/ abdomen 5 lumbar - pelvis/lower limb 5 sacral - lower limb 1 coccygeal

28
Q

Nerve roots - name and direction of axons?. where do they sit?

A

> Ventral root – Efferent (somatic motor/sympathetic) > Dorsal root – Afferent (somatosensory) Nerve roots sit within the vertebral canal

29
Q

How do spinal nerves divide?

A

dorsal primary ramus ventral primary ramus

30
Q

What does the dorsal primary ramus supply?

A
  • skin over the paravertebral gutter.
  • erector spinae muscles
  • Facet joint of vertebral column
31
Q

What does the ventral primary ramus supply?

A
  • supplies the rest of the body, except head/ parts of neck - much larger nerve
32
Q

what does the ventral primary rami form?

what is a nerve plexus? why do we need it?

A
  • intercostal nerves and 4 plexuses
  • A nerve plexus is where ventral primary rami merge to form nerves that contain axons from multiple spinal nerves
  • Important for innervation to limbs (large muscle groups)
33
Q

Define: dermatome and myotome

A

Dermatome: - An individual strip of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve (primary ramus) Myotome: An individual muscle group innervated by a single spinal nerve (primary ramus)

34
Q

Development of dermatomes and myotomes

A
  • Dermatomes and myotomes develop from somites (mesoderm) - Somites are paired blocks that form horizontal bands - One pair of spinal nerves (ectoderm) grows into one pair of somites
35
Q

How are dermatomes organised?

A

Each strip of skin is innervated by an individual spinal nerve intercostal nerves - ventral primary ramus of the T1-11 spinal nerves innnervate the T1-T11 dermatomes. Realistically there is plenty of overlap

36
Q

how are dermatomes useful clinically?

A
  • Loss/altered sensation/pain from dermatome indicates injury to spinal cord, nerve root or spinal nerve​ - Easy to determine location of injury from dermatomes​ ​​- Also, visceral (organ) pain can be referred to skin (dermatomes) as cutaneous pain e.g. due to cross firing of neurons pain can be referred elsewhere.
37
Q

myotomes - organisation

A

the myotomes in the thorax are conserved to the strips similar to dermatomes. one nerve to one myotome in the limbs this gets more complicated. more than one nerve innervating one myotome

38
Q

Autonomic component of NS: functions how is it divided?

A

involuntary control of internal organs to maintain homeostasis divided into sympathetic and para-sympathetic

39
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic function

A

Sympathetic - Fight or flight - maximises metabolic resources Parasympathetic - opposite to sympathetic - switched on during resting - increases/ conserves metabolic resources

40
Q

Where does the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS originate in the spinal cord?

A

Parasympathetic - brainstem, sacral spinal cord Sympathetic - thoracic and lumbar

41
Q

Neural anatomy of Autonomic nervous system?

A

CNS–>preganglionic neuron –> autonomic ganglia –> postganglionic neuron –> Effector organ (smooth, cardiac and glands) except sympathetic supply to adrenal medulla (only preganglionic axons only)

42
Q

Summary of sympathetic pathways

A

sympathetic trunk (either side of vertebral column) Spinal cord–spinal nerves(T1-L2)->

43
Q

describe sympathetic pathway

A
44
Q

What is the Sympathetic trunk and its significance?

A
  • Interconnected paravertebral ganglia
  • Extends length of vertebral column
  • All preganglionic sympathetic axons enter the sympathetic trunk
45
Q

Where do postganglionic neurons leave the sympathetic trunk and where do they end up

A

Postganglionic axons leaving through the spinal nerve end up in the musculoskeletal system

Postganglionic axons exiting via branches go to heart, lungs or head

46
Q

How is the abdomen innervated from the sympathetic trunk?

A
  • Some preganglionic axons enter splanchnic nerves and pass to prevertebral ganglia in the abdomen.
  • postganglionic axons in the abdomen then innervate the abdominal organs.
47
Q

Parasympathetic division: effects on organs

A

Cardiac muscle ​​- decrease HR + contraction

Bronchi of lungs ​​- narrows bronchi

Sweat glands ​​- none

Hair follicles ​​- none

Blood vessels ​​- none with exceptions

Abdomino-pelvic viscera​​ - stimulates peristalsis + gastric secretions

Eye​​ - constriction of pupil

Salivary glands - increase

48
Q

Describe parasympathetic pathways

A

originates in two places:

Ganglia are close to effector organ (LONG preganglionic nerves)

BRAINSTEM –cranial nerves–> ganglia–> head, heart, lungs and abdomen

SACRAL SPINAL CORD —-pelvic splanchnic nerves—> ganglia —> pelvic organs

49
Q

Cranial parasympathetic nerves:

Where are the cell bodies?

list the effector organs

A

cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are in the brainstem

Pupil

lacrimal glands

parotid/submandibular glands

50
Q

Vagus nerves:

Where is the cell body?

What does it supply?

A

preganglionic cell bodies are in Brainstem

lungs

heart

abdominal organs

51
Q

Sacral parasympathetic:

origin?

explain route?

what does it innervate?

A
  • From sacral part of spinal cord​​
  • Preganglionic axons exit via (parasympathetic) pelvic splanchnic nerves​
  • Synapse with postganglionic axons on the ​​

pelvic organs

  • Bladder - urination
  • Rectum - Defecation
  • Sexual function - gives a boner

Module 102, Theme 1 Anatomy (9 decks)

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