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Module 102, Theme 1 Anatomy > Cardiorespiratory > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory Flashcards

1
Q

List the heart valves

A

Valves

  • Tricuspid valve
  • Bicuspid (mitral) valve
  • Pulmonary valve
  • Aortic valve
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2
Q

How is the heart innervated?

A
  • Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate (Vagus nerve)
  • Sympathetic stimulation from sympathetic trunk increases heart rate
  • Together form cardiac plexus
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3
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  • Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
  • Myocardium- thickest layer, cardiac muscle
  • Endocardium- innermost, lines the chambers
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4
Q

Describe the appearance of microstructure of cardiac muscle

A

•Striated appearance

Intercalated discs

  • Fascia adherens
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap junctions
  • Normally 1 nucleus per cell
  • Branching pattern
  • Do not divide
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5
Q

What are the anatomical features of the lungs (Lobes)

A

Left

  • 2 lobes
  • oblique fissure
  • Impression for the heart (the cardiac notch)
  • Lingula

Right

  • 3 lobes
  • horizontal fissure and oblique fissures
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6
Q

describe the respiratory tree

A
  • Trachea
  • Main bronchi
  • Secondary (lobar) bronchi (3 x right, 2 x left)
  • Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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7
Q

Features of smooth muscle

Functions

A
  • Not striated
  • Spindle shaped
  • One central nucleus
  • Involuntary control- nervous, hormonal or electrical depolarization
  • Found in walls of tubular structures and hollow viscera

Functions:

  • Regulates diameter
  • Propels liquids and solids
  • Expels contents
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8
Q

What is the endothelium?

What is the function of the endothelium?

A

•Monolayer of squamous epithelial cells

Functions:

  • Control vascular tone and vessel diameter
  • Regulate permeability
  • Angiogenesis
  • Regulate clotting
  • Regulate immune response
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9
Q

Clinical conditions associated with blood vessels

A
  • Thrombosis:
  • Blood clot (thrombus)
  • Stray blood clot (embolism)
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Angiogenesis as a target for cancer treatment
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10
Q

What are the layers of a blood vessel wall?

A

Tunica intima

  • Lined by endothelium
  • Basement membrane (basal lamina)
  • Connective tissue

Internal elastic lamina

Tunica media

  • Primarily smooth muscle
  • Connective tissue- elastic and collagen fibres

External elastic lamina

Tunica externa (adventitia)

  • Outer connective tissue layer- primarily collagenous
  • Can contain nerves and vessels (vasa vasorum)
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11
Q

What is the immediate distribution of arteries coming out of the left ventricle of the heart?

A

Aorta (aortic arch)

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid

Left Subclavian artery

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12
Q

Features of large elastic arteries

A
  • Large diameter (>10mm)
  • Tunica media contains many layers of elastin
  • Windkessel effect
  • Supplied by vasa vasorum
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13
Q

Vascularity in the left arm

A

Left subclavian artery

|

Left axillary artery

|

Left brachial artery

|

Left radial artery ^ Left ulnar artery

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14
Q

Medium muscular arteries features

A
  • Smaller diameter (0.1mm-10mm)
  • Thick layer of smooth muscle in tunica media
  • Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
  • Pulsatile contractions
  • Most named arteries
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15
Q

Small arteries and arterioles (resistance) features

A
  • Narrow lumina
  • Decreased thickness of all layers
  • Tunica media predominantly smooth muscle, 1-2 cell layers in thickness

•Tonus dictates degree of filling of capillary beds

  • Not normally named during dissection
  • Arterioles microscopic - ≤0.3 mm
  • No external elastic lamina
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16
Q

Features of capillaries

A
  • Endothelial layer with basement membrane (basal lamina)
  • Allow exchange between blood and extracellular fluid
  • Microscopic (5-10µm)
  • No tunica media or tunica externa
17
Q

What are the three types of capillary?

Where are they found?

A
  • Continuous- uninterrupted endothelium, complete basement membrane (most common)
  • Fenestrated- pores (fenestrae), complete basement membrane (endocrine glands, the intestines, pancreas and kidney)
  • Sinusoidal (discontinuous)- large pores, incomplete basement membrane (liver, red bone marrow, spleen)
18
Q

How do capillaries facilitate exchange of fluid?

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of blood into extracellular fluid
  • Exchange occurs between extracellular fluid and tissue cells
  • Osmotic pressure drives fluid is reabsorption
19
Q

Features of venules

A
  • Microscopic (8-100µm)
  • Progressively increase lumen diameter
  • No elastin
  • Very thin tunica externa and media
  • Internal and external elastic lamina absent
20
Q

Vascular drainage of the left arm

A

Median Cubital vein

Left brachial - left basilic - left cephalic veins

Left axillary vein

Left subclavian vein

21
Q

Features of veins

A
  • Under lower pressure -> tunica media thinner
  • Larger diameter than arteries
  • Smaller veins are TRIBUTARIES of larger veins
  • More variable

•Large veins have well developed tunica adventitia/ externa and thin tunica media

•Internal and elastic membrane absent

22
Q

Venous supply to the superior vena cava

A

internal jugular + Subclavian vein + axillary –> Brachiocephalics vein –> Superior vena cava

23
Q

Venous valves

A
  • Inward projection of intima, strengthened by collagen and elastic fibres
  • Semi lunar cusps attached to the venous wall
  • Absent in thorax and abdomen
  • Dilation of veins can mean valves don’t close, resulting in varicose veins
24
Q

Describe the relationship between arteries and veins

Large arteries

Smaller arteries

Superficial veins

A

Large arteries with single vein e.g. aorta, axillary, femoral

Smaller arteries flanked by 2 veins (venae comitantes) enclosed in a sheath

  • Pulsation of the artery aids venous return -> arteriovenous pump
  • Countercurrent mechanism to heat regulation

Superficial veins do not have corresponding arteries

25
Q

What mechanisms are involved with venous return?

A
  • Valves
  • Arteriovenous pump
  • Musculovenous pump
  • Respiratory pump
26
Q

What are the different vessel connections?

(mention the different terms)

A
27
Q

What are end arteries and what are the two types?

A
  • Some arteries have no anastomosis and hence end
  • In the event of occlusion- necrosis

Functional (potential) end artery- ineffectual anastomoses. E.g. Coronary arteries of the heart

Anatomic (true) end artery- no anastomoses. E.g. Central artery of retina

28
Q

What is an anastomosis? why are they needed?

A
  • Uniting of arteries or veins
  • Creates un-interrupted circulation e.g. around joints
  • Can provide collateral circulation
  • Require time to open sufficiently, cant usually compensate for sudden occlusion or ligation
  • Arteriovenous anastomosis acts as a shunt
29
Q

Explain what a portal system is

A
  • Capillary network between 2 veins
  • Venous blood high in products of digestion
  • Veins from the spleen, stomach and intestines drain into the liver via the hepatic portal vein
  • Filtered by the liver, blood then drains into the hepatic veins and into Inferior Vena Cava to be returned to the heart

Module 102, Theme 1 Anatomy (9 decks)

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