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Pre-DC - A&P I > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

sensory input

A

gathered information from stimuli

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2
Q

integration

A

processing and interpreting sensory input

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3
Q

motor output

A

active response to stimuli

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4
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

PNS

A

outside CNS

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6
Q

functional subdivisions of PNS

A

sensory (afferent)

motor (efferent)

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7
Q

sensory

A

to CNS

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8
Q

motor

A

from CNS

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9
Q

somatic NS

A

from CNS to muscles

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10
Q

autonomic NS

A

from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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11
Q

neuron parts

A

cell body
axon
dendrite

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12
Q

soma

A

cell body

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13
Q

neurofibrils

A

extend into fibers for support

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14
Q

nissl bodies

A

rough ER with ribosomes

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15
Q

dendrite

A

branched, receptive surface

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16
Q

axon

A

slender, cylindrical, smooth with uniform diameter conducts away from cell body

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17
Q

collaterals

A

branches of axon

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18
Q

telodendria

A

fine extensions of axon which terminate close to other receptive surfaces

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19
Q

axonal transport

A

impulses that cause biochemical production

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20
Q

Schwann cells

A

PNS only; neuroglia sheaths surrounding axons

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21
Q

myelin

A

tightly wound membranes composed of lipoprotein

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22
Q

neurilemma sheath

A

surrounds myelin sheath containing the nuclease and most of the cytoplasm

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23
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between myelin sheaths in Schwann cells

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24
Q

white matter

A

groups of myelinated fibers

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25
Q

gray matter

A

groups of unmyelinated fibers

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26
Q

unipolar

A

single nerve fiber that branches into axon and dendrite

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27
Q

bipolar

A

two nerve fibers, one axon, one dendrite

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28
Q

multipolar

A

one axon, many dendrites

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29
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry impulses to CNS; unipolar or bipolar

30
Q

interneurons

A

within CNS, multipolar; built-in filter

31
Q

motor neurons

A

carry impulses from CNS; multipolar

32
Q

neuroglia

A

provide scaffolding

33
Q

CNS neuroglia

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependyma

34
Q

PNS neuroglia

A

Schwann cells

35
Q

astrocytes

A

star shaped, between neurons and blood vessels; provide support and hold structures together; blood brain barrier; metabolism of glucose, K+ concentration

36
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

from myelin within CNS; numerous cellular processes; one may provide myelin for many axons

37
Q

microglia

A

phagocyte

38
Q

ependyma

A

cuboidal or columnar in shape with cilia; inner lining producing CSF

39
Q

resting potential

A

inside cell is negative, outside is positive; -70mV

40
Q

potential difference

A

difference between 2 points

41
Q

hyperpolarization

A

more negative than normal

42
Q

depolarization

A

more positive

43
Q

graded potential

A

nerve impulses that increase in frequency

44
Q

threshold potential

A

point at which active potential is activated; -55mV

45
Q

summation

A

additive effect of all dendrite stimulation

46
Q

action potential

A

threshold potential reached; sodium rushes in and causes depolarization; +30mV

47
Q

nerve impulse

A

wave of action potentials moving down the membrane

48
Q

refractory period

A

threshold stimulus will not trigger another impulse after the initial one

49
Q

absolute refractory period

A

change in sodium permeability and cannot be stimulated

50
Q

relative refractory period

A

reestablishment of resting potential, strong enough impulse may trigger response

51
Q

saltatory conduction

A

nerve impulses traveling along myelinated fibers jumping the nodes of Ranvier; faster than unmyelinated fiber

52
Q

all or none phenomenon

A

impulse either triggers response or doesn’t; impulses all carry same strength, but my vary in frequency.

53
Q

calcium ion function

A

close sodium channels during action potential; deficiency causes continuous impulse transmission.

54
Q

potassium ion function

A

increase in extracellular, action potential easily reached; decrease in extracellular, action potentials hard to reach

55
Q

anesthetic drugs

A

decrease sodium membrane permeability

56
Q

synapse

A

nerve impulse passageway from neuron to neuron

57
Q

synaptic cleft

A

presynaptic and post synaptic neurons around the synapse gap

58
Q

synaptic transmission

A

process in which impulse in presynaptic neuron signals postsynaptic neuron

59
Q

synaptic knobs

A

located in axons at presynaptic terminals; impulses trigger neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles

60
Q

chemical synapse transfer

A
  1. calcium gates open in presynaptic axon terminal; impulse triggers depolarization opening calcium and sodium channels releasing calcium into the terminal
  2. neurotransmitter is released by by exocytosis into synaptic cleft due to calcium fusing to axonal membrane
  3. neurotransmitter binds reversibly to protein receptors on postsynaptic membrane
  4. postsynaptic neuron excited or inhibited depending on type of receptor neurotransmitter binds to
61
Q

synaptic delay

A

rate-limiting step of neural transmission

62
Q

acetylcholine

A

first identified; released at neuromuscular junctions; released, binds briefly, then released and degraded

63
Q

biogenic amines

A

catecholamines and indolamines; behavior and emotional regulation

64
Q

catecholamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

65
Q

indolamines

A

serotonin, histamine

66
Q

amino acids

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, aspartate, glutamate; only in CNS

67
Q

peptides

A

neuropeptides like substance P mediate pain signals; endorphins and enkephalins act as natural opiates or euphorias

68
Q

neuronal pools

A

groups of neurons within CNS

69
Q

convergence

A

fibers originating from different parts of the NS leadings to the same neuron

70
Q

divergence

A

impulse originating from a single neuron in the CNS bay be amplified so enough can reach motor units

Pre-DC - A&P I (4 decks)

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