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HUBS191 Human Movement and Sensation > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of cells in nervous system

A

glia and neurons

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2
Q

4 types of CNS glia

A

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

function of astrocytes

A
  • supply nutrients to neurons
  • ensheath blood capillaries
  • transmit information
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4
Q

function of microglia

A
  • immune cells of CNS
  • engulf microorganisms and debris
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5
Q

function of ependymal cells

A
  • line fluid-filled spaces of brain and spinal cord
  • have cilia to circulate CSF
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6
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A
  • support nerve fibres
  • ensheath them with myelin
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7
Q

only type of PNS glia and function

A
  • schwann cell - support peripheral nerve fibres - ensheath them with myelin
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8
Q

myelin sheath composition and function

A
  • lipid wrapped around neuron - increases conduction velocity
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9
Q

input zone of neuron

A
  • dendrites - receives chemical signal from other neurons
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10
Q

summation zone of neuron

A
  • axon hillock - makes decision about whether to pass information on
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11
Q

conduction zone of neuron

A
  • axon - carry electrical signals between brain areas, to and from spinal cord, or to and from peripheral sensory receptors
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12
Q

output zone of neuron

A
  • axon terminals - contact with input zone of other neurons - release neurotransmitter
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13
Q

3 types of synapse

A

1) axodendritic 2) axosomatic 3) axoaxonic

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14
Q

multiple sclerosis cause and symptoms

A
  • demyelination caused by autoimmunity or infection
  • impaired nerve conduction
  • weakness, uncoordination, visual and speech impairment
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15
Q

afferent

A
  • information that goes into the brain (up spinal cord) - sensory
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16
Q

efferent

A
  • information that comes out of brain (down spinal cord) - motor
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17
Q

nucleus

A

group of cell bodies in CNS

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18
Q

tract

A

bundle of axons in CNS

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19
Q

Grey matter

A

group of cell bodies in cerebral cortex

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20
Q

white matter

A

bundle of axons in cerebral cortex

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21
Q

ganglion

A

group of cell bodies in PNS

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22
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons in PNS

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23
Q

somatic information

A
  • stuff we are aware of and have control over
  • voluntary muscle control (somatic efferent)
  • sensory information we are aware of (somatic afferent e.g. vision)
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24
Q

Autonomic information

A
  • stuff we are not aware of and have no control over
  • involuntary muscle control (autonomic efferent e.g. heartbeat)
  • sensory (visceral) information we don’t know about (autonomic afferent e.g. blood pressure)
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25
Q

6 features of somatic motor (efferent) pathway

A
  • voluntary control - one neuron between CNS and effector - cell body in spinal cord - axon in spinal nerves (PNS) - neurotransmitter is ACh - effectors are skeletal muscle fibres always excitatory (EPSPs caused by ACh at NMJ)
26
Q

motor unit

A
  • one neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates - one neuron => one muscle fibre or one neuron => several muscle fibres
27
Q

5 features of autonomic motor (efferent) pathway

A
  1. involuntary control
  2. two neurons between CNS and effector (neuron 1 has cell body in CNS and axon in PNS, myelinated; neuron 2 has cell body and axon in PNS, unmyelinated)
  3. neurotransmitter at first synapse is ACh, 2nd is ACh or NE
  4. effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue
  5. excitatory or inhibitory (EPSPs or IPSPs)
28
Q

features of neuron 1 of autonomic motor pathway

A
  • cell body in CNS
  • axon extends outside CNS
  • synapse in autonomic ganglion
  • pre-ganglionic neuron
  • neurotransmitter = ACh
  • myelinated
29
Q

features of neuron 2 of autonomic motor pathway

A
  • cell body in PNS, autonomic ganglion
  • axon extends to effector organ
  • synapse in effector organ
  • post-ganglionic neuron
  • neurotransmitter = ACh or noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
  • unmyelinated
30
Q

subdivisions of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

31
Q

5 features of sympathetic nervous system

A
  • ACh at 1st synapse (cholinergic)
  • NE at 2nd synapse (adrenergic)
  • short pre-ganglionic neuron, long post-ganglionic neuron
  • ganglia in sympathetic chain
  • excitatory (EPSPs)
32
Q

4 features of parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • ACh at both synapses
  • long pre-ganglionic neuron, very short post-ganglionic neuron
  • ganglia in/near effector
  • inhibitory (IPSPs)
33
Q

ventral root

A

efferent (motor) information out of spinal cord

34
Q

dorsal root

A

afferent (sensory) information into spinal cord and travels up

35
Q

dorsal column

A

sensory info travels up spinal cord

36
Q

ventral column

A

motor info travels down spinal cord

37
Q

lateral column

A

info travels in both directions

38
Q

external anatomy of spinal cord

A
  • starts at foramen magnum (base of skull) - ends at 1st lumbar vertebrae - end is tapered cone called conus medularis - Filum terminale extends from conus medularis to end of spinal cavity - anchors spinal cord - within meningeal sack in spinal cavity within vertebrae
39
Q

where does somatic motor info come out of spinal cord

A

in ventral horns of spinal cord

40
Q

where does autonomic motor info come out of spinal cord

A

in lateral/ventrolateral horns of spinal cord

41
Q

where are cell bodies of sensory neurons

A

in dorsal root ganglion

42
Q

ventral ramus

A

communicates with sympathetic chain via two sympathetic rami

43
Q

structure of peripheral nerve

A

1) axons - myelinated or unmyelinated 2) axons covered with endoneurium 3) Endoneurium-covered axons (nerve fibers) are bundled together to form a fascicle 4) Fascicles are covered with perineurium 5) Fascicles bundle with each other and with blood vessels to form a nerve 6) Nerves are covered by epineurium

44
Q

Electrical information is transmitted by

A

Action potential (along the axon/conduction zone)

45
Q

Chemical information is transmitted by

A

Neurotransmitter (released at terminals onto input zone of another neuron)

46
Q

3 morphological types of neurons

A

1) multipolar; 2) bipolar; 3) unipolar

47
Q

Synapse (2 features)

A

1) Place where two neurons communicate; 2) site of neurotransmitter (chemical signal) release

48
Q

Pre-synaptic cell

A

Releases neurotransmitter from its output zone (sends signal)

49
Q

Post-synaptic cell

A

Receives neurotransmitter signal at its input zone

50
Q

Axo-dendritic synapse

A

Axon of pre-synaptic cell releases neurotransmitter from its output zone onto dendrite of post-synaptic cell - most common in CNS

51
Q

Axo-somatic synapse

A

Axon of pre-synaptic cell releases neurotransmitter from its output zone onto cell body (also called soma) of post-synaptic cell

52
Q

Axo-axonic

A

Axon of pre-synaptic cell releases neurotransmitter from its output zone onto axon terminal of post-synaptic cell

53
Q

where do sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons come from

A

thoracolumbar region of spinal cord (i.e. middle)

54
Q

where do para-sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons come from

A

craniosacral regions of spinal cord (i.e. top and bottom)

55
Q

effects of sympathetic nervous system

A
  • fight or flight - increased heart rate - constricted blood vessels to skin to increased blood flow to muscles - decreased gastric motility - decreased salivation - increased pupil size - increased sweating
56
Q

effects of parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • rest and digest - decreased heart rate - increased gastric motility - decreased pupil size - increased salivation
57
Q

receptor at second synapse in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

Sympathetic

  • alpha- and beta-adrenergic (excitatory - depolarising)

Parasympathetic

  • muscarinic cholinergic (excitatory or inhibitory - depolarising or hyperpolarising)
58
Q

Receptor at first synapse in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • ionotropic so receptors contain an ion channel and it uses flow of ions to depolarise cell
  • nicotinic cholinergic
  • depolarising and excitatory
59
Q
A
60
Q

activation of adrenal gland

A
  • innervated by preganglionic neuron (ACh)
  • no postganglionic neuron
  • can be considered specialised sympathetic ganglion
  • releases adrenaline and NE into bloodstream as hormones

HUBS191 Human Movement and Sensation (4 decks)

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